The reliability of the electrical system is a fundamental study that is carried out to determine the possible deficiencies that an electrical system can have in case of failures, since a failure can cause disturbances, power cuts, and load disconnections. For this reason, Optimal Transmission Switching (OTS) with Optimal AC Power Flows (OPF-AC) is used to reduce disturbances when faults occur and minimize equipment load and disconnections, but OTS offers possible switches in order to make it possible to reduce the damage that can be done for a fault with operating limitations in voltage, power, and angular deviation. However, to have a complete study, it is proposed to use a reliability analysis through contingency ranking to know the risks that a switched system may have at the time of simultaneous or consecutive failures. In addition, a load capacity investigation is conducted to determine if the transmission lines are within their operating limits. The study presents an analysis of the behavior of the switched system and an adequate operation for the mitigation of failures in the system through the switching of transmission lines with analysis of load capacity and reliability. The results presented by the proposed methodology will be compared with Matlab’s Matpower simulation package.

El aumento de la demanda en los distintos sistemas eléctricos de potencia (SEP) tiene un impacto negativo en la estabilidad de la tensión, la confiabilidad y la calidad del suministro eléctrico. El perfil de tensión disminuye cuando las unidades de generación no son capaces de suministrar potencia reactiva al sistema eléctrico en los momentos que se requiere. Con el desarrollo de la electrónica de potencia y los complejos sistemas de control, se han podido introducir dispositivos de sistemas flexibles de transmisión de corriente alterna (FACTS, del inglés Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System). En este artículo se analiza en detalle el impacto que genera la introducción de un tipo de FACTS que permite la compensación de potencia reactiva en el SEP. Además, se analizará una metodología para decidir la capacidad del compensador síncrono estático (STATCOM, del inglés Static Synchronous Compensator) y su ubicación óptima con la ejecución de flujos de potencia continuos (FPC). Finalmente, se estudiará el impacto positivo de la instalación de un control estabilizador de potencia (PSS, del inglés Power System Stabilizer) para asegurar la estabilidad de tensión en el SEP. Este artículo se desarrolla utilizando el sistema base IEEE de 14 barras bajo dos modelos matemáticos para el cálculo del flujo de potencia desarrollados en el software Matlab, que son: i) utilizando las ecuaciones de balance de potencia y ii) Newton Raphson con el toolbox de MATLAB (PSAT, del inglés Power System Analysis Toolbox).

This paper presents the impact in cellular network by the use of smart metering and develop an optimal deployment of smart meters taking into account the use of spectrum electromagnetic, physical layer and capacity used to transmit information in neighborhood area network. For the analysis a surface has been defined in which smart meters have been deployed randomly in order to ensure that all the devices perform an optimal routing, reaching the base station through the creation of a wireless sensor network. Different technologies of wireless communication were analyzed in order to calculate the size of the information and fill fields of the data link layer to determine the real size that transport the physical layer. This information is using to optimize the time of use of channel, distances and requirements of bandwidth.

The study evaluates the impact of massive electric vehicle (EV) penetration on Quito’s 138 kV distribution system in Ecuador, employing a probabilistic approach to support a sustainable energy transition. The rapid adoption of EVs, as projected by Ecuador’s National Electromobility Strategy, poses significant challenges to the capacity and reliability of the city’s electrical infrastructure. The objective is to analyze the system’s response to increased EV load and assess its readiness for this scenario. A methodology integrating dynamic battery modeling, Monte Carlo simulations, and power flow analysis was employed, evaluating two penetration levels: 800 and 25,000 EVs, under homogeneous and non-homogeneous distribution scenarios. The results indicate that while the system can handle moderate penetration, high penetration levels lead to overloads in critical lines, such as L10–15 and L11–5, compromising normal system operation. It is concluded that specific infrastructure upgrades and the implementation of smart charging strategies are necessary to mitigate operational risks. This approach provides a robust framework for effective planning of EV integration into the system, contributing key insights for a transition toward sustainable mobility.

Optimal Planning for Cellular Networks for Smart Metering Infrastructure in Rural and Remote Areas

Optimal Planning for Cellular Networks for Smart Metering Infrastructure in Rural and Remote Areas