In this study, electrospinning was used to fabricate xanthan gum (XF) and thiosemicarbazide/xanthan gum (TXF) nanofibers crosslinked with ferric ions for effective Pb ²⁺ adsorption.

Aerobic oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of model liquid fuel (dodecane spiked with dibenzothiophene (DBT)) was carried out in the presence of bulk and supported Keggin-type heteropoly acids H_3+nPMo_12-nV_nO₄₀ (HPA-n, n = 0–3) as heterogeneous catalysts and benzaldehyde as a sacrificial reductant. In the presence of bulk H₄PMo₁₁VO₄₀ (HPA-1), 100% of DBT was removed from fuel (converted to DBT sulfone) at 60 °C and ambient air pressure. Multiple catalyst reuse without loss of activity was demonstrated. The ODS reaction was strongly inhibited by radical scavengers. An unbranched radical chain mechanism was proposed.