Researchers have recently focused their attention on vision-based hand gesture recognition. However, due to several constraints, achieving an effective vision-driven hand gesture recognition system in real time has remained a challenge. This paper aims to uncover the limitations faced in image acquisition through the use of cameras, image segmentation and tracking, feature extraction, and gesture classification stages of vision-driven hand gesture recognition in various camera orientations. This paper looked at research on vision-based hand gesture recognition systems from 2012 to 2022. Its goal is to find areas that are getting better and those that need more work. We used specific keywords to find 108 articles in well-known online databases. In this article, we put together a collection of the most notable research works related to gesture recognition. We suggest different categories for gesture recognition-related research with subcategories to create a valuable resource in this domain. We summarize and analyze the methodologies in tabular form. After comparing similar types of methodologies in the gesture recognition field, we have drawn conclusions based on our findings. Our research also looked at how well the vision-based system recognized hand gestures in terms of recognition accuracy. There is a wide variation in identification accuracy, from 68% to 97%, with the average being 86.6 percent. The limitations considered comprise multiple text and interpretations of gestures and complex non-rigid hand characteristics. In comparison to current research, this paper is unique in that it discusses all types of gesture recognition techniques.

Global food security is seriously threatened by wheat leaf disease, which makes effective and precise disease detection and classification techniques necessary. For efficient disease control and the best possible crop health, timely identification and precise classification are essential. However, the limited availability of datasets for wheat leaf diseases hinders the development of effective and robust classification models. This research emphasizes the importance of precise wheat leaf disease diagnosis for global food security. The existing methods face challenges with limited data and computational demands. The research explores the potential of deep learning for automated disease detection, considering these challenges. CycleGAN proved to be the most effective among various augmentation techniques, enhancing the performance of classifiers DenseNet121, ResNet50V2, DenseNet169, Xception, ResNet152V2, and MobileNetV2. ADASYN also significantly improved classification accuracy, with MobileNetV2 consistently outperforming across different augmentation methods. This technique excels in overcoming challenges posed by limited datasets and class imbalances. Using CycleGAN for data augmentation notably enhanced classifier performance, addressing the scarcity of real-world samples. Evaluation through confusion matrix analysis revealed a minimal number of misclassified images—possibly as low as 0 to 3 images over the test dataset. The exceptional 100% accuracy achieved by the MobileNetV2 model on both CycleGAN and ADASYN augmented datasets highlights the potential of these techniques to unlock new levels of accuracy in wheat disease classification. This augmentation technique fine-tuned the classifier, reducing errors and highlighting the crucial role of CycleGAN in enhancing the accuracy and precision of wheat disease classification models. The proposed method establishes CycleGAN’s effectiveness in augmenting wheat leaf disease classification and recognizes ADASYN’s potential. The developed technique shows promise for automated disease detection in agriculture, enhancing global food security. Future research may optimize computational efficiency and explore integrating emerging technologies such as edge computing.

Poultry farming needs to be productive and profitable if it is to help with food security issues like cost. To make money, economic management and the use of productivity standards like the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) calculation are essential. So, the best way to improve the performance of chickens is to use best management practices while they are growing. The paper also gives a broad overview of the vital ways in which recognized digital technologies are used to control the well-being of chickens. This review article gives a thorough look at the research, with a focus on sensor-based AI applications for analyzing chicken behavior and keeping track of their health. This study focused on the welfare of poultry because there are currently gaps in the literature regarding the development of universally accepted criteria for assessing poultry well-being and developing trustworthy monitoring strategies, most notably for the health of broiler chickens and the prevention of disease outbreaks. This paper is focused on the current condition of the smart farming and how to improve the smart farming sector using computer vision with IoT. The current and future operations for poultry management provide a huge opportunity for intelligent automation, which, if implemented, would make it possible to produce chicken that is both high-quality and affordable. As a result, this research provides a thorough analysis of the most cutting-edge Internet of Things (IoT) systems with Artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities as well as their most recent developments in the creation of intelligent systems in this field. The paper also explores the benefits and problems that AI and IoT provide for chicken farming.

With an increasing number of people on the planet today, innovative human-computer interaction technologies and approaches may be employed to assist individuals in leading more fulfilling lives. Gesture-based technology has the potential to improve the safety and well-being of impaired people, as well as the general population. Recognizing gestures from video streams is a difficult problem because of the large degree of variation in the characteristics of each motion across individuals. In this article, we propose applying deep learning methods to recognize automated hand gestures using RGB and depth data. To train neural networks to detect hand gestures, any of these forms of data may be utilized. Gesturebased interfaces are more natural, intuitive, and straightforward. Earlier study attempted to characterize hand motions in a number of contexts. Our technique is evaluated using a vision-based gesture recognition system. In our suggested technique, image collection starts with RGB video and depth information captured with the Kinect sensor and is followed by tracking the hand using a single shot detector Convolutional Neural Network (SSD-CNN). When the kernel is applied, it creates an output value at each of the m × n locations. Using a collection of convolutional filters, each new feature layer generates a defined set of gesture detection predictions. After that, we perform deep dilation to make the gesture in the image masks more visible. Finally, hand gestures have been detected using the well-known classification technique SVM. Using deep learning we recognize hand gestures with higher accuracy of 93.68% in RGB passage, 83.45% in the depth passage, and 90.61% in RGB-D conjunction on the SKIG dataset compared to the state-of-the-art. In the context of our own created Different Camera Orientation Gesture (DCOG) dataset we got higher accuracy of 92.78% in RGB passage, 79.55% in the depth passage, and 88.56% in RGB-D conjunction for the gestures collected in 0-degree angle. Moreover, the framework intends to use unique methodologies to construct a superior vision-based hand gesture recognition system.

This article discusses an effective technique for detecting abnormalities in Hajj crowd videos. In order to guarantee the identification of anomalies in scenes, a trained and supervised FCNN is turned into an FCNN using FCNNs and temporal data. By minimizing computational complexity, incorrect movement detection is utilized to achieve high performance in terms of speed and precision. This FCNN-based architecture is designed to handle two primary tasks: feature representation and the detection of incorrect movement outliers. Additionally, to overcome the aforementioned issues, this research will generate a new crowd anomaly video dataset based on the Hajj pilgrimage scenario. On the proposed dataset, the UCSD Ped2, Subway Entry, and Subway Exit datasets, the proposed FCNN-based technique obtained ultimate accuracy of 100%, 90%, 95%, and 89%, respectively. Additionally, the ResNet50-based technique achieved ultimate accuracy of 96%, 89%, 94%, and 92%, respectively, for the proposed dataset, the UCSD Ped2, Subway Entry, and Subway Exit datasets.

This research enhances crowd analysis by focusing on excessive crowd analysis and crowd density predictions for Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages. Crowd analysis usually analyzes the number of objects within an image or a frame in the videos and is regularly solved by estimating the density generated from the object location annotations. However, it suffers from low accuracy when the crowd is far away from the surveillance camera. This research proposes an approach to overcome the problem of estimating crowd density taken by a surveillance camera at a distance. The proposed approach employs a fully convolutional neural network (FCNN)-based method to monitor crowd analysis, especially for the classification of crowd density. This study aims to address the current technological challenges faced in video analysis in a scenario where the movement of large numbers of pilgrims with densities ranging between 7 and 8 per square meter. To address this challenge, this study aims to develop a new dataset based on the Hajj pilgrimage scenario. To validate the proposed method, the proposed model is compared with existing models using existing datasets. The proposed FCNN based method achieved a final accuracy of 100%, 98%, and 98.16% on the proposed dataset, the UCSD dataset, and the JHU-CROWD dataset, respectively. Additionally, The ResNet based method obtained final accuracy of 97%, 89%, and 97% for the proposed dataset, UCSD dataset, and JHU-CROWD dataset, respectively. The proposed Hajj-Crowd-2021 crowd analysis dataset and the model outperformed the other state-of-the-art datasets and models in most cases.