Researchers have recently focused their attention on vision-based hand gesture recognition. However, due to several constraints, achieving an effective vision-driven hand gesture recognition system in real time has remained a challenge. This paper aims to uncover the limitations faced in image acquisition through the use of cameras, image segmentation and tracking, feature extraction, and gesture classification stages of vision-driven hand gesture recognition in various camera orientations. This paper looked at research on vision-based hand gesture recognition systems from 2012 to 2022. Its goal is to find areas that are getting better and those that need more work. We used specific keywords to find 108 articles in well-known online databases. In this article, we put together a collection of the most notable research works related to gesture recognition. We suggest different categories for gesture recognition-related research with subcategories to create a valuable resource in this domain. We summarize and analyze the methodologies in tabular form. After comparing similar types of methodologies in the gesture recognition field, we have drawn conclusions based on our findings. Our research also looked at how well the vision-based system recognized hand gestures in terms of recognition accuracy. There is a wide variation in identification accuracy, from 68% to 97%, with the average being 86.6 percent. The limitations considered comprise multiple text and interpretations of gestures and complex non-rigid hand characteristics. In comparison to current research, this paper is unique in that it discusses all types of gesture recognition techniques.

Global food security is seriously threatened by wheat leaf disease, which makes effective and precise disease detection and classification techniques necessary. For efficient disease control and the best possible crop health, timely identification and precise classification are essential. However, the limited availability of datasets for wheat leaf diseases hinders the development of effective and robust classification models. This research emphasizes the importance of precise wheat leaf disease diagnosis for global food security. The existing methods face challenges with limited data and computational demands. The research explores the potential of deep learning for automated disease detection, considering these challenges. CycleGAN proved to be the most effective among various augmentation techniques, enhancing the performance of classifiers DenseNet121, ResNet50V2, DenseNet169, Xception, ResNet152V2, and MobileNetV2. ADASYN also significantly improved classification accuracy, with MobileNetV2 consistently outperforming across different augmentation methods. This technique excels in overcoming challenges posed by limited datasets and class imbalances. Using CycleGAN for data augmentation notably enhanced classifier performance, addressing the scarcity of real-world samples. Evaluation through confusion matrix analysis revealed a minimal number of misclassified images—possibly as low as 0 to 3 images over the test dataset. The exceptional 100% accuracy achieved by the MobileNetV2 model on both CycleGAN and ADASYN augmented datasets highlights the potential of these techniques to unlock new levels of accuracy in wheat disease classification. This augmentation technique fine-tuned the classifier, reducing errors and highlighting the crucial role of CycleGAN in enhancing the accuracy and precision of wheat disease classification models. The proposed method establishes CycleGAN’s effectiveness in augmenting wheat leaf disease classification and recognizes ADASYN’s potential. The developed technique shows promise for automated disease detection in agriculture, enhancing global food security. Future research may optimize computational efficiency and explore integrating emerging technologies such as edge computing.

Gathering a large number of people in a shared physical area is very common in urban culture. Although there are limitless examples of mega crowds, the Islamic religious ritual, the Hajj, is considered as one of the greatest crowd scenarios in the world. The Hajj is carried out once in a year with a congregation of millions of people when the Muslims visit the holy city of Makkah at a given time and date. Such a big crowd is always prone to public safety issues, and therefore requires proper measures to ensure safe and comfortable arrangement. Through the advances in computer vision based scene understanding, automatic analysis of crowd scenes is gaining popularity. However, existing crowd analysis algorithms might not be able to correctly interpret the video content in the context of the Hajj. This is because the Hajj is a unique congregation of millions of people crowded in a small area, which can overwhelm the use of existing video and computer vision based sophisticated algorithms. Through our studies on crowd analysis, crowd counting, density estimation, and the Hajj crowd behavior, we faced the need of a review work to get a research direction for abnormal behavior analysis of Hajj pilgrims. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the research works relevant to the broader field of video analytics using deep learning with a special focus on the visual surveillance in the Hajj. The review identifies the challenges and leading-edge techniques of visual surveillance in general, which may gracefully be adaptable to the applications of Hajj and Umrah. The paper presents detailed reviews on existing techniques and approaches employed for crowd analysis from crowd videos, specifically the techniques that use deep learning in detecting abnormal behavior. These observations give us the impetus to undertake a painstaking yet exhilarating journey on crowd analysis, classification and detection of any abnormal movement of the Hajj pilgrims. Furthermore, because the Hajj pilgrimage is the most crowded domain for video-related extensive research activities, this study motivates us to critically analyze the crowd on a large scale.

Almost two million Muslim pilgrims from all around the globe visit Mecca each year to conduct Hajj. Each year, the number of pilgrims grows, creating worries about how to handle such large crowds and avoid unpleasant accidents or crowd congestion catastrophes. In this paper, we introduced deep Hajj crowd dilated convolutional neural network (DHCDCNNet) for crowd density analysis. This research also presents augmentation technique to create additional dataset based on the hajj pilgrimage scenario. We utilized a single framework to extract both high-level and low-level features. For creating additional dataset we divide the process of images augmentation into two routes. In the first route, we utilized magnitude extraction followed by the polar magnitude. In the second route, we performed morphological operation followed by transforming the image into skeleton. This paper presented a solution to the challenge of measuring crowd density using a surveillance camera pointed at a distance. An FCNN-based technique for crowd analysis is included in the proposed methodology, particularly for classifying crowd density. There are several obstacles in video analysis when there are a large number of pilgrims moving around the tawaf area, with densities of between 7 and 8 per square meter. The proposed DHCDCNNet method has achieved accuracy of 97%, 89% and 100% for the JHU-CROWD dataset, the UCSD dataset and the proposed Hajj-Crowd dataset, respectively. The proposed Hajj-Crowd dataset, the UCSD dataset, and the JHU-CROW dataset all had accuracy of 98%, 97% and 97%, respectively, using the VGGNet approach. Using the ResNet50 approach, the proposed Hajj-Crowd dataset, the UCSD dataset, and the JHU-CROW dataset all had an accuracy of 99%, 91% and 97%, respectively.

Lung diseases, such as asthma, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pose considerable global health issues, making early diagnosis essential for effective treatment. Traditional diagnostic techniques for these ailments, especially auscultation using a stethoscope, are subjective and susceptible to inaccuracies. This study introduces CALMNet, a deep learning model that uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and a TimeDistributed layer to accurately analyze lung sounds by considering both their spatial and time-related features. The model is trained and assessed utilizing the ICBHI dataset, which encompasses a varied collection of lung sounds from patients with various respiratory ailments. Preprocessing techniques, including double denoising (FFT and high-pass filtering), were utilized to enhance the audio data quality, while feature extraction methods such as Mel Spectrograms, Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), and Chroma Short-Time Fourier Transform (ChromaSTFT) were employed to capture the fundamental characteristics of lung sounds. The results show that CALMNet achieves an impressive accuracy of 97.65%, with an F1-score of 0.909, precision of 0.911, and recall of 0.90, outperforming other models like CNNs and LSTMs. CALMNet exhibits enhanced efficacy in differentiating various lung illnesses, as evidenced by the confusion matrix and ROC curve analysis. The model’s exceptional accuracy and strong performance indicate its promise as an effective instrument for the automated classification of lung illnesses, providing a dependable, objective, and scalable option for clinical use. Future endeavors will concentrate on augmenting the dataset, enhancing model interpretability, and executing real-time diagnostic applications to further elevate its applicability in healthcare environments.