Organic amendments are widely used to enhance soil fertility and nutrient cycling in greenhouse cultivation, but their effectiveness can vary depending on their origin and composition. This study investigated the impact of four organic materials (rice husk, coconut coir, biochar, and sheep manure) on nutrient cycling and enzyme activities in two of greenhouse tomato soils. The distribution of soil nutrients and enzyme activities was analyzed under controlled conditions during a pot experiment. The addition of organic amendments, regardless of their source, significantly altered the microbial resource allocation, reducing the carbon limitation while increasing the nitrogen demand. The effect on soil nutrient pools was largely determined by the chemical composition of the amendments. In clayey soils, biochar and rice husk additions most effectively promoted enzyme activities related to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus acquisition. Under sandy soil conditions, sheep manure increased carbon and phosphorus acquisition enzymes, while biochar most effectively enhanced nitrogen acquisition enzymes. Biochar emerged as a particularly effective amendment, enhancing organic carbon sequestration across different soil types. The chemical composition of the amendments, specifically, the content of carboxyl C, aromatic C, and O-alkyl C, played a crucial role in influencing soil nutrient limitations. In clayey soils, the mean C:N:P ratios for CK, T1, T2, T3, and T4 treatments were 1:1.375:0.625, 1:1.244:0.662, 1:0.839:0.610, 1:1.161:0.689, and 1:1.038:0.549, respectively. In sandy soils, the ratios were 1:1.117:0.698, 1:1.18:0.75, 1:1.096:0.731, 1:1.217:0.689, and 1:1.06:0.669, respectively. These findings suggest that the addition of organic amendments can improve nutrient retention and enzyme activities, but their effects on soil nutrient pools are influenced by both the composition of the amendments and the soil texture. This research enhances our understanding of organic amendments and soil nutrient transformations, and aids in optimizing the application of organic materials for improved soil management in greenhouse cultivation.

To investigate the long-term effects of organic manure on soil macro-porosity and nutrient stoichiometry in greenhouse production, we studied the physical and chemical properties of soils under different vegetable systems in Jiangsu Province. These systems included organic greenhouse vegetable (OGV), organic open-field vegetable (OFV), conventional greenhouse vegetable (CGV), and conventional open-field vegetable (CFV), with rice–wheat rotation (RWR) soils used as a reference.The results showed that, compared to conventional systems, organic vegetable production increased soil macro-porosity, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (TN) content, as well as C:N, C:P, and N:P, particularly in the tilled layer. SOC, TN, and total phosphorus (TP) levels increased rapidly during the first 14 years of OGV cultivation, followed by a decline. SOC, TN, and stoichiometric ratios were significantly positively correlated with soil macro-porosity. The study suggests that converting RWR to OGV does not degrade soil aeration, and long-term application of organic manure positively impacts nutrient retention in the tilled layer, although the effects are time- and depth-dependent. The study highlights the potential of long-term organic manure application to improve soil aeration and nutrient balance in OGV, underscoring the importance of optimizing fertilizer management in intensive agriculture to enhance soil quality and crop yield.