Background: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Fabaceae) is a legume plant which used for human food and animal feed. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate total phenolic content and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of the root, stem and seed parts of C. cajan. Method: Crude extracts were prepared by reflux extraction using methanol, dichloromethane and water as solvents. Total phenolic contents of the obtained extracts were analyzed by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method and the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results revealed that dichloromethane seed extract had more total phenolic content than those of methanol and water seed extracts, respectively. Dichloromethane seed extract had the highest total phenolic content of 92.00 ± 1.24 mg GAE/ g extracts. However, the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was found in the root methanol extract with IC 50 of 3.55 ± 0.35 mg/ml. Conclusion: Type of extraction solvent was an important factor on phenolic contents of C. cajan extracts. The extracts of C. cajan inhibit slightly tyrosinase inhibitory.

Kaempferia grandifolia Saensouk & Jenjittikul (Zingiberaceae), a rare plant species in Thailand, is commonly used as a medicinal plant, while the young leaves are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. This study focused on the in vitro propagation of K. grandifolia plants to induce the development of shoots, roots, microrhizomes, and acclimatization. The genetic variations between plants grown under in vitro propagation and plants grown in nature were also assessed. An efficient protocol was developed for in vitro propagation of K. grandifolia using microshoots (0.5 cm in length). The optimal responses for shoot multiplication (4.78 ± 1.15 shoots/explant) and root induction (11.56 ± 1.39 roots/explant) were obtained within 8 weeks in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3 mg/L of 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) plus 0.5 mg/L of NAA. Microrhizome induction was 80% when the shoot buds were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L of BAP, 1 mg/L of NAA, 11 µM of silver nitrate (AgNO₃), and 70 g/L of sucrose after 20 weeks. The survival rate of plantlets was 100% when transplanted to soil and sand. Micropropagated and field-grown donor plants of K. grandifolia showed 91.49% genetic similarity through RAPD analysis.

The legume Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC. (Fabaceae) is eaten as a food and used for medicinal purposes. This study evaluated the phytochemical profile, total phenolic content and antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of leaf, bark, and heartwood extracts of A. concinna using different extraction solvents. Crude extracts were prepared by reflux extraction with dichloromethane, ethanol, and deionized water. The dichloromethane extracts of bark and heartwood provided the highest total phenolic content as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reaction. Antioxidant activities were assessed using the DPPH and ABTS assays, with the bark ethanolic extract (BE) giving the highest antioxidant activities at IC50 values of 3.0 ± 0.03 and 5.0 ± 0.01 µg/mL, respectively. The BE antioxidant capacity was similar to ascorbic acid. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was determined using an in vitro enzymatic spectroscopic model. Highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was recorded in the heartwood ethanolic extract (HE) with IC50 value 0.7634 ± 0.01 mg/mL. GC-MS analysis revealed long-chain fatty acids as the major phytochemicals in BE and HE. BE had excellent antioxidant abilities, whereas HE showed potential tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Long-chain fatty acids and lupeol were the principal phytoconstituents of BE and HE as important bioactive components in A. concinna extracts. HIGHLIGHTS The bark extracts have the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in comparison to those of heartwood and leaf extracts. The heartwood extracts have the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity. 9-octadecanoic acid ethyl ester, hexadecanoic acid and lupeol were the principal phytoconstituents of BE and HE as important bioactive components in the concinna extracts. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Curcuma lampangensis Saensouk, Maknoi & Rakarcha is a member of the family Zingiberaceae within the genus Curcuma L. This species is endemic to Thailand and is classified as critically endangered due to its restricted distribution and the ongoing degradation of its natural habitats. The species predominantly occurs in areas that are increasingly impacted by anthropogenic activities, particularly agricultural expansion, which contributes to habitat fragmentation and poses a significant risk to its persistence in the wild. In addition, propagation by rhizomes or seeds shows relatively low propagation efficiency. Therefore, plant tissue culture techniques are considered important for improving propagation efficiency. In this study, shoot and root induction of C. lampangensis were investigated by culturing on solid and liquid MS medium for 8 weeks, supplemented with different plant growth regulators including BA, kinetin, IAA, IBA, NAA, 2,4-D, TDZ, mT and Ads. The results showed that solid MS medium supplemented with 2 and 3 mg/L mT induced the highest mean number of shoots of 7.26 to 7.63 shoots per explant, a mean roots number of 18.57 to 19.88 roots per explant, and 30 to 60% callus formation. Meanwhile, liquid MS medium without plant growth regulators induced the highest mean number of roots of 34.73 roots per explant, with a mean root length of 3.49 cm. Acclimatized rooted plantlets transferred to sandy soil showed 85% survival rate.

Taesuk N, Boonpen S, Manee K, Bunchalee P, Katisart T, Pikulthong V, Maneechai S. 2025. Hemiparasitic features and antioxidant activity of Dendrophthoe pentandra and Scurrula atropurpurea on Diospyros rhodocalyx. Biodiversitas 26: 2531-2539. Mistletoe, a hemiparasitic plant, exhibits broad ecological adaptability, establishing parasitic relationships with a wide range of host species across diverse habitats and environmental conditions. Dendrophthoe pentandra and Scurrula atropurpurea, belonging to the family Loranthaceae, represent prominent hemiparasitic species with ecological and phytochemical significance. This study investigated the characteristics and phytochemical composition of mistletoe species growing on shared host trees. The phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as the antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS assays) of these two hemiparasitic mistletoe species were examined in relation to their common host plant, Diospyros rhodocalyx. Comparative distribution analysis revealed that D. pentandra was more widely distributed across host trees than S. atropurpurea. Morphological assessments of reproductive structures indicated that D. pentandra produced larger and more vividly colored flowers and fruits compared to S. atropurpurea. The phytochemical profiles, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities of the leaf and stem extracts were investigated using different extraction solvents. Crude extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane, ethanol, and ethyl acetate. The ethanol extract of D. pentandra stems provided the highest total phenolic content as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activities were assessed using the DPPH and ABTS assays, with the ethyl acetate extract of the stem from S. atropurpurea showing the highest antioxidant activity at IC50 values of 0.282±0.005 and 0.483±0.041 µg/mL, respectively. These findings provide insights into the ecological interactions between flower and fruit characteristics, chemical profiles, and potential bioactivities of mistletoe species.