The efficiency of Cd-tolerant plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂) in maize growing in Cd-rich conditions was tested in the current study. The best Cd-tolerant strain, Bacillus pumilus, exhibited plant growth stimulation in vivo and in vitro experiments. We determined the toxic concentrations (30 (ppm)) of both NPs for plant growth. B. pumilus, ZnO NPs (20 (ppm)), and TiO₂ NPs (10 (ppm)) had a synergistic effect on plant growth promotion in Cd-contaminated soil (120 (ppm)) in a pot experiment. Both alone and in combination, these therapies reduced Cd toxicity, resulting in improved stress metabolism and defense responses. The combined treatments showed increased relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, proline, total sugars, and proteins and significantly reduced lipid peroxidation. Moreover, this combination increased the levels of minerals and antioxidants and reduced Cd bioaccumulation in shoots and roots by 40–60%. Our in silico pipeline presented a novel picture of the participation of ZnO–TiO₂ protein interaction in both B. pumilus and maize. These findings provide fresh insights on the use of B. pumilus, ZnO, and TiO₂ NPs, both separately and in combination, as a viable and environmentally benign strategy for reducing Cd stress in maize.

Gene therapy has great prospects of DNA/RNA manipulations and protein modulations. Its use in clinic is, however, stifled by risks of immunogenicity, low target specificity, and adverse effects. The red blood cell (RBC-EVs) extracellular vesicles can serve as a solution to this issue since they are biocompatible, long-term stable, and with low immunogenicity. RBC-EVs permit the accurate delivery of therapeutic cargo to space and time, thus minimizing systemic toxicity. This review presents the most recent developments on the expansion of the use of RBC-EVs to encapsulate the components of mRNA and CRISPR-Cas. Through the addition of the means to address these deficiencies, including stimulus-sensitive release mechanisms (eg, pH- or light-activated systems) and tissue-selective targeting approaches, RBC-EVs can be applied to enable the precise application in genetic diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Such innovations have the potential to overcome the clinical need and enable the biological complexity of mRNA- and CRISPR-Cas-based agents to provide a powerful delivery platform. Moreover, the review also demonstrates the unprecedented benefits of red blood cell EVs, which include immune evasion, scalability, and universal loading capacity, which can establish them as the next-generation delivery vehicles. Red blood cell EVs have the potential to increase the efficacy of precision medicine by increasing its feasibility. Lastly, we note the potential and translational issues in the provision of red blood cell EV-based mRNA and CRISPR-Cas therapeutic delivery of gene therapy.

Background: In light of chronic inflammation and dysregulated immune responses, autoimmune disorders and cancer are closely related. It is essential to comprehend how they interact in order to create immunotherapeutic techniques that work. Materials and Methods: The purpose of this review is to summarize the most recent research on the relationship between immunology, cancer, and autoimmune illnesses and to assess new treatment strategies that target each of these diseases. PubMed, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and Scopus were used in a methodical search (2010–2023). Studies evaluating immunotherapy results, immunological processes, and cancer incidence in patients with autoimmune diseases were all eligible. Using random-effects meta-analysis, the data were examined. Results: A total of 78,456 patients from fifty-seven studies were examined. Patients with autoimmune diseases had a considerably higher risk of developing cancer (OR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.42–1.76; p < 0.001), frequently as a result of immunosuppressive treatment and persistent inflammation. Among the common mechanisms were increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and dysregulation of immunological checkpoints (PD-1/PD-L1). Although cytokine blockers and checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated effectiveness, they also carry significant hazards. Conclusion: The confluence of immune regulation, cancer, and autoimmunity brings to light both treatment possibilities and difficulties. Future studies should concentrate on tailoring immunotherapies to optimize their positive effects while reducing their negative ones.

Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the food industry by enhancing food quality, safety, packaging and sustainability. With the increasing global population, poor dietary habits and rising health concerns, there is a demand for innovative strategies for food sustainability and functionality. Functional foods also known as nano-fortified foods are enriched with proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, dietary fibers and bioactive micronutrients, offering both nutritional and therapeutic benefits. Advanced techniques, like nano-encapsulation, improve bioavailability and controlled release, while nano-laminates and nano-emulsions improve food texture, stability, and absorption. Active nanocomposites contribute to ecofriendly, biodegradable packaging with antimicrobial properties. Additionally, metal nanoparticles, function as coloring agents and anti-caking additives, whereas nanosensors enable real-time food quality and safety monitoring. Despite these advancements, concerns persist regarding the possible migration, buildup and toxicity of nanoparticles in both the environment and the human body. Regulatory challenges, limited consumer awareness, and affordable delivery systems hinder their widespread acceptance. Addressing these challenges through rigorous safety evaluations and cost-effective delivery systems is essential for the future of nano-functional foods in ensuring global food security. This review brings together current scientific progress, safety data, and regulatory insights in one place. It helps researchers and food technologists design safer, more efficient nano-based food systems for future use.