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Dr. Humaira Yasmin
COMSATS University Islamabad

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0 Plant Physiology
0 biofertilizer
0 Abiotic Stress Tolerance mechanisms
0 Biotic stress resistance
0 Plant Microbe Interactions

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Journal article
Published: 13 July 2021 in Sustainability
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The present study explored the plant growth promotion and bioremediation potential of bacteria inhabiting wastewater irrigated agricultural soils. Thirty out of 75 bacterial isolates (40%), 29/75 (39%) and 28/75 (37%) solubilized Zn, K and PO4 during plate essays respectively. Fifty-six percent of the isolates produced siderophores, while 30% released protease in vitro. Seventy-four percent of bacteria resisted Pb, Ni and Cd at various concentrations added to the culture media plates. Sixteen out of 75 (26%) isolates were able to fix N in Nbf medium. Among these 16 N fixers, N fixing nifH, nifD and nifK genes was detected through PCR in 8, 7 and 1 strain respectively using gene specific primers designed in the study with Enterobacter sp. having all three (nifHKD) genes. Isolated bacteria showed resemblance to diverse genera such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Serratia, Klebsiella and Enterococcus based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. In addition to showing the best mineral solubilization and metal resistance potential, Citrobacter sp. and Enterobacter sp. also removed 87%, 79% and 43% and 86%, 78% and 51% of Ni, Cd and Pb, respectively, from aqueous solution. These potent bacteria may be exploited both for bioremediation and biofertilization of wastewater irrigated soils leading to sustainable agriculture.

ACS Style

Abdul Ajmal; Saleha Saroosh; Shah Mulk; Muhammad Hassan; Humaira Yasmin; Zahra Jabeen; Asia Nosheen; Syed Shah; Rabia Naz; Zuhair Hasnain; Tariq Qureshi; Abdul Waheed; Saqib Mumtaz. Bacteria Isolated from Wastewater Irrigated Agricultural Soils Adapt to Heavy Metal Toxicity While Maintaining Their Plant Growth Promoting Traits. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7792 .

AMA Style

Abdul Ajmal, Saleha Saroosh, Shah Mulk, Muhammad Hassan, Humaira Yasmin, Zahra Jabeen, Asia Nosheen, Syed Shah, Rabia Naz, Zuhair Hasnain, Tariq Qureshi, Abdul Waheed, Saqib Mumtaz. Bacteria Isolated from Wastewater Irrigated Agricultural Soils Adapt to Heavy Metal Toxicity While Maintaining Their Plant Growth Promoting Traits. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7792.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdul Ajmal; Saleha Saroosh; Shah Mulk; Muhammad Hassan; Humaira Yasmin; Zahra Jabeen; Asia Nosheen; Syed Shah; Rabia Naz; Zuhair Hasnain; Tariq Qureshi; Abdul Waheed; Saqib Mumtaz. 2021. "Bacteria Isolated from Wastewater Irrigated Agricultural Soils Adapt to Heavy Metal Toxicity While Maintaining Their Plant Growth Promoting Traits." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7792.

Special issue article
Published: 09 July 2021 in Physiologia Plantarum
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The growth and persistence of rhizobacteria in soils are highly impacted by moisture stress. In this study, we report the first transcript analysis of four Pseudomonas strains (PS1, PS2, PS3, and PS4) isolated from the root-soil interface of rice and maize associated with different moisture levels during water deprivation. Filtered Pseudomonas sp. cells incubated at low (RH10%) and high (RH85%) relative humidity showed decreased survival of all Pseudomonas sp. at RH10% when compared with RH85%. RT-PCR showed differential expression of treS (trehalose synthase), rpoS (sigma factor), mucA (alginate regulatory gene), and fliM (flagellar motor switch protein gene) in response to exposure to RH10%. However, molecular fingerprinting and nutrient assimilation profile of Pseudomonas strains demonstrated genetic and physiological variation between the four strains irrespective of water regime and host. In vitro testing of these strains showed ACC deaminase activity and gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, indole acetic acid, and exopolysaccharide production. We determined that 50 μl of 1.2 × 103 CFU ml-1 of these Pseudomonas strains was enough to protect Arabidopsis plants against drought stress in a pot experiment. Inoculated plants increased their root colonization ability and biomass; however, PS2 showed higher survival (95%), relative water content (59%), chlorophyll (30%), glycine betaine (38%), proline (23%), and reduced MDA (43%) in shoots than irrigated control under induced water deprivation. It can be concluded that all Pseudomonas strains were effective in mitigating drought stress, however, PS2 appears to impart more resistance to drought than the other strains by upregulating key defense mechanisms.

ACS Style

Humaira Yasmin; Asghari Bano; Neil L. Wilson; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Noshin Ilyas; Muhammad Hamzah Saleem; Ahmed Noureldeen; Parvaiz Ahmad; Ivan Kennedy. Drought‐tolerant Pseudomonas sp. showed differential expression of stress‐responsive genes and induced drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiologia Plantarum 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Humaira Yasmin, Asghari Bano, Neil L. Wilson, Asia Nosheen, Rabia Naz, Muhammad Nadeem Hassan, Noshin Ilyas, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Ahmed Noureldeen, Parvaiz Ahmad, Ivan Kennedy. Drought‐tolerant Pseudomonas sp. showed differential expression of stress‐responsive genes and induced drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiologia Plantarum. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Humaira Yasmin; Asghari Bano; Neil L. Wilson; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Noshin Ilyas; Muhammad Hamzah Saleem; Ahmed Noureldeen; Parvaiz Ahmad; Ivan Kennedy. 2021. "Drought‐tolerant Pseudomonas sp. showed differential expression of stress‐responsive genes and induced drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana." Physiologia Plantarum , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2021 in Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
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Avian colibacillosis caused by the zoonotic pathogen Escherichia coli is a common bacterial infection that causes major losses in the poultry sector. Extracts of different medicinal plants and antibiotics have been used against poultry bacterial pathogens. However, overuse of antibiotics and extracts against pathogenic strains leads to the proliferation of multi-drug resistant bacteria. Due to their environmentally friendly nature, nanotechnology and beneficial bacterial strains can be used as effective strategies against poultry infections. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) from Eucalyptus globulus leaves was carried out in this study. Their characterization was done by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) which confirmed their synthesis, structure, and size. In vitro, antimicrobial activities of plant leaf extract, ZnO-NPs, and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were checked against E. coli using well diffusion as well as disc diffusion method. Results proved that the antimicrobial activity of ZnO-NPs and PGPR strains was more enhanced when compared to eucalyptus leaf extract at 36 h. The maximum relative inhibition shown by ZnO-NPs, PGPR strains and eucalyptus leaf extracts was 88%, 67% and 58%, respectively. The effectiveness of ZnO-NPs was also increased with an increase in particle dose and treatment time. The 90 mg/ml of ZnO-NPs was more effective. PGPR strains from all over the tested strains, Pseudomonas sp. (HY8N) exhibited a strong antagonism against the E. coli strain as compared to other PGPR strains used in this study. However, combined application of PGPR (Pseudomonas sp. (HY8N)) and ZnO-NPs augment antagonistic effects and showed maximum 69% antagonism. The study intends to investigate the binding affinity of ZnO-NPs with the suitable receptor of the bacterial pathogen by in silico methods. The binding site conformations showed that the ligand ZnO binds with conserved binding site of penicillin-binding protein 6 (PBP 6) receptor. According to the interactions, ZnO-NPs form the same interaction pattern with respect to other reported ligands, hence it can play a significant role in the inhibition of PBP 6. This research also found that combining ZnO-NPs with Pseudomonas sp. (HY8N) was a novel and effective technique for treating pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant bacteria.

ACS Style

Kainat Masood; Humaira Yasmin; Sidra Batool; Noshin Ilyas; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Naeem Khan; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Adil Aldhahrani; Fayez Althobaiti. A strategy for mitigating avian colibacillosis disease using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 28, 4957 -4968.

AMA Style

Kainat Masood, Humaira Yasmin, Sidra Batool, Noshin Ilyas, Asia Nosheen, Rabia Naz, Naeem Khan, Muhammad Nadeem Hassan, Adil Aldhahrani, Fayez Althobaiti. A strategy for mitigating avian colibacillosis disease using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28 (9):4957-4968.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kainat Masood; Humaira Yasmin; Sidra Batool; Noshin Ilyas; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Naeem Khan; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Adil Aldhahrani; Fayez Althobaiti. 2021. "A strategy for mitigating avian colibacillosis disease using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28, no. 9: 4957-4968.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2021 in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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Salinity is a key devastating abiotic factor that hinders the development and yield of safflower. The sole and combined application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and a biofertilizer (BF) to improve salt tolerance in safflower has not been thoroughly explored. The response of safflower plants in a pot experiment to the foliar spray of ZnO-NPs alone and in combination with a BF was thus detected. We determined that a ZnO-NP concentration of 17 mg/L was sufficient to protect safflower against salinity (250 mM NaCl) by increasing the plant productivity, percent water content, and osmolyte levels. Coapplication of ZnO-NPs and Phytoguard protected safflower plants from salinity stress by improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes and decreasing the levels of proline (leaves (61%) and roots (63%)) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (leaves (54%) and roots (65%)). Under salt stress, the Na+ content increased, while seed coating with biofertilizer and ZnO-NP spray significantly decreased the Na+ concentration (74% in leaves and 60% in roots). For the K+ concentration, however, antagonistic outcomes were observed. Additionally, the combined treatment significantly enhanced agronomic parameters such as the number of leaves and pods per plant, capitulum weight, and the number of yellow and wilted leaves per plant under salinity stress. Thus, ZnO-NPs could be an effective bio-source for the protection of safflower plants under salinity stress. Our findings showed that in the combined treatment of ZnO-NPs and biofertilizer, the salinity tolerance was more pronounced than in the single treatment and untreated control. A thorough analysis at the molecular level, however, is still required to understand the mechanism by which ZnO-NPs and BF in safflower plants alleviate salt stress.

ACS Style

Humaira Yasmin; Javeria Mazher; Ammar Azmat; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Ahmed Noureldeen; Parvaiz Ahmad. Combined application of zinc oxide nanoparticles and biofertilizer to induce salt resistance in safflower by regulating ion homeostasis and antioxidant defence responses. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2021, 218, 112262 .

AMA Style

Humaira Yasmin, Javeria Mazher, Ammar Azmat, Asia Nosheen, Rabia Naz, Muhammad Nadeem Hassan, Ahmed Noureldeen, Parvaiz Ahmad. Combined application of zinc oxide nanoparticles and biofertilizer to induce salt resistance in safflower by regulating ion homeostasis and antioxidant defence responses. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2021; 218 ():112262.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Humaira Yasmin; Javeria Mazher; Ammar Azmat; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Ahmed Noureldeen; Parvaiz Ahmad. 2021. "Combined application of zinc oxide nanoparticles and biofertilizer to induce salt resistance in safflower by regulating ion homeostasis and antioxidant defence responses." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 218, no. : 112262.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2021 in Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a major cereal grain and is known as a halophyte (a halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity). We therefore conducted a pot experiment to explore plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, stomatal properties, oxidative stress and antioxidant response and their associated gene expression and absorption of ions in H. Vulgare. The soil used for this analysis was artificially spiked at different salinity concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) and different levels of ascorbic acid (AsA) were supplied to plants (0, 30 and 60 mM) shortly after germination of the seed. The results of the present study showed that plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange parameters, stomatal properties and ion uptake were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by salinity stress, whereas oxidative stress was induced in plants by generating the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells/tissues compared to plants grown in the control treatment. Initially, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and relative gene expression increased to a saline level of 100 mM, and then decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by increasing the saline level (150 mM) in the soil compared to plants grown at 0 mM of salinity. We also elucidated that negative impact of salt stress in H. vulgare plants can overcome by the exogenous application of AsA, which not only increased morpho-physiological traits but decreased oxidative stress in the plants by increasing activities of enzymatic antioxidants. We have also explained the negative effect of salt stress on H. vulgare can decrease by exogenous application of AsA, which not only improved morpho-physiological characteristics, ions accumulation in the roots and shoots of the plants, but decreased oxidative stress in plants by increasing antioxidant compounds (enzymatic and non-enzymatic). Taken together, recognizing AsA's role in nutrient uptake introduces new possibilities for agricultural use of this compound and provides a valuable basis for improving plant tolerance and adaptability to potential salinity stress adjustment.

ACS Style

Amara Hassan; Syeda Fasiha Amjad; Muhammad Hamzah Saleem; Humaira Yasmin; Muhammad Imran; Muhammad Riaz; Qurban Ali; Faiz Ahmad Joyia; Mobeen; Shakeel Ahmed; Shafaqat Ali; Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli; Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. Foliar application of ascorbic acid enhances salinity stress tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) through modulation of morpho-physio-biochemical attributes, ions uptake, osmo-protectants and stress response genes expression. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 28, 4276 -4290.

AMA Style

Amara Hassan, Syeda Fasiha Amjad, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Humaira Yasmin, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Riaz, Qurban Ali, Faiz Ahmad Joyia, Mobeen, Shakeel Ahmed, Shafaqat Ali, Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. Foliar application of ascorbic acid enhances salinity stress tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) through modulation of morpho-physio-biochemical attributes, ions uptake, osmo-protectants and stress response genes expression. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28 (8):4276-4290.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amara Hassan; Syeda Fasiha Amjad; Muhammad Hamzah Saleem; Humaira Yasmin; Muhammad Imran; Muhammad Riaz; Qurban Ali; Faiz Ahmad Joyia; Mobeen; Shakeel Ahmed; Shafaqat Ali; Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli; Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. 2021. "Foliar application of ascorbic acid enhances salinity stress tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) through modulation of morpho-physio-biochemical attributes, ions uptake, osmo-protectants and stress response genes expression." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28, no. 8: 4276-4290.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2021 in Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
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Salinity is extremely hazardous to agriculture worldwide and its expanding constantly. Soil of almost 100 countries facing salinity problem including Pakistan. Cyperus laevigatus also act as salinity indicator species is a naturally adapted halophyte dispersed in subtropical regions of world. Six populations of C. laevigatus were collected from different saline habitats to evaluate adaptations regarding anatomical and physiological characteristics. C. laevigatus is perfectly adapted to harsh environmental conditions like dry barren soils, saline lakes, hyper-saline wetlands and salt marshes. Ecological success of this species is due to plasticity in physiological and anatomical characteristics to adapt variable environmental conditions. C. laevigatus is a halophyte, exhibited increased biomass production in moderately saline habitat. Higher uptake of K+ occurs to compensate the uptake of Na+ ion contents, a striking feature of salt-tolerant and halophytic species. Accumulation of osmoprotectants like proline, free amino acids, soluble sugar and protein contribute significantly to osmotic adjustment. Stem thickness enhanced as salinity level of habitat increased to store water in parenchymatous tissues under physiological drought. Intensive sclerification in root cortex provide mechanical strength to plant as well as prevent the radial leakage of water. Well-developed aerenchyma, increased vascular bundle area, broader vessels, small and dense stomata are critical to cope with environmental hazards. Population of Jahlar lake showing maximum biomass production indicate that this species grows better in moderate salinities. Therefore, this species will prove very useful for revegetation of salt affected rangeland and prairies by direct growth of such halophytic ecotypes.

ACS Style

Sahar Mumtaz; Muhammad Hamzah Saleem; Mansoor Hameed; Fatima Batool; Abida Parveen; Syeda Fasiha Amjad; Athar Mahmood; Muhammad Arfan; Shakeel Ahmed; Humaira Yasmin; Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli; Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. Anatomical adaptations and ionic homeostasis in aquatic halophyte Cyperus laevigatus L. Under high salinities. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 28, 2655 -2666.

AMA Style

Sahar Mumtaz, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Mansoor Hameed, Fatima Batool, Abida Parveen, Syeda Fasiha Amjad, Athar Mahmood, Muhammad Arfan, Shakeel Ahmed, Humaira Yasmin, Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. Anatomical adaptations and ionic homeostasis in aquatic halophyte Cyperus laevigatus L. Under high salinities. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; 28 (5):2655-2666.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sahar Mumtaz; Muhammad Hamzah Saleem; Mansoor Hameed; Fatima Batool; Abida Parveen; Syeda Fasiha Amjad; Athar Mahmood; Muhammad Arfan; Shakeel Ahmed; Humaira Yasmin; Abdulaziz Abdullah Alsahli; Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. 2021. "Anatomical adaptations and ionic homeostasis in aquatic halophyte Cyperus laevigatus L. Under high salinities." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 28, no. 5: 2655-2666.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2021 in Molecules
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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) mediate heavy metal tolerance and improve phytoextraction potential in plants. The present research was conducted to find the potential of bacterial strains in improving the growth and phytoextraction abilities of Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch. in chromium contaminated soil. In this study, a total of 15 bacterial strains were isolated from heavy metal polluted soil and were screened for their heavy metal tolerance and plant growth promotion potential. The most efficient strain was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and was identified as Bacillus cereus. The isolate also showed the potential to solubilize phosphate and synthesize siderophore, phytohormones (indole acetic acid, cytokinin, and abscisic acid), and osmolyte (proline and sugar) in chromium (Cr+3) supplemented medium. The results of the present study showed that chromium stress has negative effects on seed germination and plant growth in B. nigra while inoculation of B. cereus improved plant growth and reduced chromium toxicity. The increase in seed germination percentage, shoot length, and root length was 28.07%, 35.86%, 19.11% while the fresh and dry biomass of the plant increased by 48.00% and 62.16%, respectively, as compared to the uninoculated/control plants. The photosynthetic pigments were also improved by bacterial inoculation as compared to untreated stress-exposed plants, i.e., increase in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b, and carotenoid was d 25.94%, 10.65%, 20.35%, and 44.30%, respectively. Bacterial inoculation also resulted in osmotic adjustment (proline 8.76% and sugar 28.71%) and maintained the membrane stability (51.39%) which was also indicated by reduced malondialdehyde content (59.53% decrease). The antioxidant enzyme activities were also improved to 35.90% (superoxide dismutase), 59.61% (peroxide), and 33.33% (catalase) in inoculated stress-exposed plants as compared to the control plants. B. cereus inoculation also improved the uptake, bioaccumulation, and translocation of Cr in the plant. Data showed that B. cereus also increased Cr content in the root (2.71-fold) and shoot (4.01-fold), its bioaccumulation (2.71-fold in root and 4.03-fold in the shoot) and translocation (40%) was also high in B. nigra. The data revealed that B. cereus is a multifarious PGPR that efficiently tolerates heavy metal ions (Cr+3) and it can be used to enhance the growth and phytoextraction potential of B. nigra in heavy metal contaminated soil.

ACS Style

Nosheen Akhtar; Noshin Ilyas; Humaira Yasmin; R. Sayyed; Zuhair Hasnain; Elsayed A. Elsayed; Hesham El Enshasy. Role of Bacillus cereus in Improving the Growth and Phytoextractability of Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch in Chromium Contaminated Soil. Molecules 2021, 26, 1569 .

AMA Style

Nosheen Akhtar, Noshin Ilyas, Humaira Yasmin, R. Sayyed, Zuhair Hasnain, Elsayed A. Elsayed, Hesham El Enshasy. Role of Bacillus cereus in Improving the Growth and Phytoextractability of Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch in Chromium Contaminated Soil. Molecules. 2021; 26 (6):1569.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nosheen Akhtar; Noshin Ilyas; Humaira Yasmin; R. Sayyed; Zuhair Hasnain; Elsayed A. Elsayed; Hesham El Enshasy. 2021. "Role of Bacillus cereus in Improving the Growth and Phytoextractability of Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch in Chromium Contaminated Soil." Molecules 26, no. 6: 1569.

Original article
Published: 07 January 2021 in Plant Cell Reports
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A detailed study of the response of wheat plants, inoculated with drought-tolerant PGPR is studied which would be beneficial to achieve genetic improvement of wheat for drought tolerance. Drought stress, a major challenge under current climatic conditions, adversely affects wheat productivity. In the current study, we observed the response of wheat plants, inoculated with drought-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) Bacillus megaterium (MU2) and Bacillus licheniformis (MU8) under induced drought stress. In vitro study of 90 rhizobacteria exhibited 38 isolates showed one or more plant growth-promoting properties, such as solubilization of phosphorus, potassium, and exopolysaccharide production. Four strains revealing the best activities were tested for their drought-tolerance ability by growing them on varying water potentials (- 0.05 to - 0.73 MPa). Among them, two bacterial strains Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis showed the best drought-tolerance potential, ACC deaminase activities, IAA production, and antagonistic activities against plant pathogens. Additionally, these strains when exposed to drought stress (- 0.73 MPa) revealed the induction of three new polypeptides (18 kDa, 35 kDa, 30 kDa) in Bacillus megaterium. We determined that 106 cells/mL of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis were enough to induce drought tolerance in wheat under drought stress. These drought-tolerant strains increased the germination index (11-46%), promptness index (16-50%), seedling vigor index (11-151%), fresh weight (35-192%), and dry weight (58-226%) of wheat under irrigated and drought stress. Moreover, these strains efficiently colonized the wheat roots and increased plant biomass, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, and osmolytes. Upon exposure to drought stress, Bacillus megaterium inoculated wheat plants exhibited improved tolerance by enhancing 59% relative water content, 260, 174 and 70% chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid, 136% protein content, 117% proline content and 57% decline in MDA content. Further, activities of defense-related antioxidant enzymes were also upregulated. Our results revealed that drought tolerance was more evident in Bacillus megaterium as compared to Bacillus licheniformis. These strains could be effective bioenhancer and biofertilizer for wheat cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions. However, a detailed study at the molecular level to deduce the mechanism by which these strains alleviate drought stress in wheat plants needs to be explored.

ACS Style

Urooj Rashid; Humaira Yasmin; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Rabia Naz; Asia Nosheen; Muhammad Sajjad; Noshin Ilyas; Rumana Keyani; Zahra Jabeen; Saqib Mumtaz; Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni; Parvaiz Ahmad. Drought-tolerant Bacillus megaterium isolated from semi-arid conditions induces systemic tolerance of wheat under drought conditions. Plant Cell Reports 2021, 1 -21.

AMA Style

Urooj Rashid, Humaira Yasmin, Muhammad Nadeem Hassan, Rabia Naz, Asia Nosheen, Muhammad Sajjad, Noshin Ilyas, Rumana Keyani, Zahra Jabeen, Saqib Mumtaz, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni, Parvaiz Ahmad. Drought-tolerant Bacillus megaterium isolated from semi-arid conditions induces systemic tolerance of wheat under drought conditions. Plant Cell Reports. 2021; ():1-21.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Urooj Rashid; Humaira Yasmin; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Rabia Naz; Asia Nosheen; Muhammad Sajjad; Noshin Ilyas; Rumana Keyani; Zahra Jabeen; Saqib Mumtaz; Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni; Parvaiz Ahmad. 2021. "Drought-tolerant Bacillus megaterium isolated from semi-arid conditions induces systemic tolerance of wheat under drought conditions." Plant Cell Reports , no. : 1-21.

Special issue article
Published: 13 December 2020 in Physiologia Plantarum
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Research on plant growth‐promoting bacteria (PGPR) revealed an effective role of bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in stress alleviation. Out of 15 PGPR strains, infection with VOCs from P. pseudoalcaligenes' resulted in maximum germination, growth promotion, and drought tolerance in maize plants. The VOCs of P. pseudoalcaligenes caused induced systemic tolerance in maize plants during 7 days of drought stress. The VOCs exposed plants displayed resistance to drought stress by reducing electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content and increasing the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, proline, and phytohormones contents. Maize plants revealed enhanced resistance by showing higher activities of antioxidant defence enzymes both in shoots and roots under drought stress. Activities of antioxidant enzymes were more pronounced in shoots than roots. Gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometric (GC‐MS) analysis comparing VOCs produced by the most efficient P. pseudoalcaligenes strain and inefficient strains of Pseudomonas sp. grown in culture media revealed nine compounds that they had in common. However, dimethyl disulfide, 2,3‐butanediol, and 2‐pentylfuran were detected only in P. pseudoalcaligenes, indicating these compounds are potential candidates for drought stress induction. Further studies are needed to unravel the molecular mechanisms of VOCs mediated systemic drought tolerance in plants related to each identified VOC.

ACS Style

Humaira Yasmin; Urooj Rashid; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Noshin Ilyas; Muhammad Sajjad; Ammar Azmat; Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. Volatile organic compounds produced by Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes alleviated drought stress by modulating defense system in maize ( Zea mays L.). Physiologia Plantarum 2020, 172, 896 -911.

AMA Style

Humaira Yasmin, Urooj Rashid, Muhammad Nadeem Hassan, Asia Nosheen, Rabia Naz, Noshin Ilyas, Muhammad Sajjad, Ammar Azmat, Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. Volatile organic compounds produced by Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes alleviated drought stress by modulating defense system in maize ( Zea mays L.). Physiologia Plantarum. 2020; 172 (2):896-911.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Humaira Yasmin; Urooj Rashid; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Noshin Ilyas; Muhammad Sajjad; Ammar Azmat; Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni. 2020. "Volatile organic compounds produced by Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes alleviated drought stress by modulating defense system in maize ( Zea mays L.)." Physiologia Plantarum 172, no. 2: 896-911.

Journal article
Published: 07 December 2020 in Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
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The role of DELLAs in response to light intensity under salt stress is largely unknown. Therefore, the effect of three light intensities-low (35), medium (60), and high (155) μmol m−2 s−1 on Arabidopsis plants growth under saline condition (150 mM NaCl) was evaluated. High light intensity exhibited significant growth in the number of lateral roots related to the low light. Immunoblot assay revealed increased DELLA accumulation at the seedling stage under high light intensity. High light promotes seed germination by 24–44%, whilst, lateral roots by 25–90% in wild-type ecotypes. The lateral roots increased significantly in gai (gibberellic acid insensitive mutant) as compared with gai-t6 (wild type like gibberellic acid insensitive mutant) in response to low to medium and high to medium light intensity. High light increased seedling survival rate by 67% in Col-0 (Columbia) and 60% in Ler (Landsberg erecta) and showed a 28% increase in survival rate in gai mutant under salt stress as compared to gai-t6. Furthermore, salt-stress responsive genes’ expression in gai-mutant establishes the relationship of DELLA proteins with salt resistance. Together, light is a cardinal element, its optimum quantity is highly beneficial and promotes salt stress resistance through DELLA protein at seedling stage in plants.

ACS Style

Saima Arain; Maria Meer; Muhammad Sajjad; Humaira Yasmin. Light contributes to salt resistance through GAI protein regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2020, 159, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Saima Arain, Maria Meer, Muhammad Sajjad, Humaira Yasmin. Light contributes to salt resistance through GAI protein regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2020; 159 ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saima Arain; Maria Meer; Muhammad Sajjad; Humaira Yasmin. 2020. "Light contributes to salt resistance through GAI protein regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 159, no. : 1-11.

Review
Published: 30 October 2020 in Agronomy
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Drylands are stressful environment for plants growth and production. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) acts as a rampart against the adverse impacts of drought stress in drylands and enhances plant growth and is helpful in agricultural sustainability. PGPR improves drought tolerance by implicating physio-chemical modifications called rhizobacterial-induced drought endurance and resilience (RIDER). The RIDER response includes; alterations of phytohormonal levels, metabolic adjustments, production of bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS), biofilm formation, and antioxidant resistance, including the accumulation of many suitable organic solutes such as carbohydrates, amino acids, and polyamines. Modulation of moisture status by these PGPRs is one of the primary mechanisms regulating plant growth, but studies on their effect on plant survival are scarce in sandy/desert soil. It was found that inoculated plants showed high tolerance to water-deficient conditions by delaying dehydration and maintaining the plant’s water status at an optimal level. PGPR inoculated plants had a high recovery rate after rewatering interms of similar biomass at flowering compared to non-stressed plants. These rhizobacteria enhance plant tolerance and also elicit induced systemic resistance of plants to water scarcity. PGPR also improves the root growth and root architecture, thereby improving nutrient and water uptake. PGPR promoted accumulation of stress-responsive plant metabolites such as amino acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols. These metabolites play a substantial role in regulating plant growth and development and strengthen the plant’s defensive system against various biotic and abiotic stresses, in particular drought stress.

ACS Style

Naeem Khan; Shahid Ali; Haleema Tariq; Sadia Latif; Humaira Yasmin; Asif Mehmood; Muhammad Shahid. Water Conservation and Plant Survival Strategies of Rhizobacteria under Drought Stress. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1683 .

AMA Style

Naeem Khan, Shahid Ali, Haleema Tariq, Sadia Latif, Humaira Yasmin, Asif Mehmood, Muhammad Shahid. Water Conservation and Plant Survival Strategies of Rhizobacteria under Drought Stress. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (11):1683.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naeem Khan; Shahid Ali; Haleema Tariq; Sadia Latif; Humaira Yasmin; Asif Mehmood; Muhammad Shahid. 2020. "Water Conservation and Plant Survival Strategies of Rhizobacteria under Drought Stress." Agronomy 10, no. 11: 1683.

Journal article
Published: 27 October 2020 in PeerJ
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Drought stress hampers the growth and productivity of wheat crop worldwide. Thus far, different strategies have been proposed to improve drought tolerance in wheat but the combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria formulated bio-fertilizer (BF) and salicylic acid (SA) has not been thoroughly explored yet. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to observe the effect of SA, BF, and their combination on wheat plants under optimal and drought stress conditions. Seeds priming was done with BF (107CFU mL−1). After 2 weeks of germination, SA (one mM) was applied as a foliar spray. Drought stress was applied by withholding water supply at three-leaf stage (30 d old plants) for the next 15 d until soil moisture dropped to 10%. Foliar application of SA increased the bacterial population of BF significantly compared to the sole application of BF under irrigated as well as drought stress conditions. Co-application of BF and foliar spray of SA induced drought tolerance in wheat plants by enhancing plant biomass, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content and osmolytes, and activities of the defense-related system. Plants treated with SA and BF together under drought stress had significantly increased leaf water status, Chl a, Chl b, and carotenoids synthesis by 238%, 125%, 167%, and 122%, respectively. Moreover, the co-application of SA and BF showed maximum SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activities by 165%, 85%, 156%, and 169% in the leaves while 153%, 86%, 116% and 200% in roots under drought stress. Similarly, the combined treatment exhibited a pronounced decrease in MDA content by 54% while increased production of proteins and proline by 145% and 149%, respectively. Our results showed that the co-application of SA and BF induced better drought tolerance as compared with the sole application of SA or BF. The results obtained herein suggest that combined application of BF and SA can be applied to the wheat crop to greatly improve drought tolerance in field conditions.

ACS Style

Ammar Azmat; Humaira Yasmin; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Muhammad Sajjad; Noshin Ilyas; Malik Nadeem Akhtar. Co-application of bio-fertilizer and salicylic acid improves growth, photosynthetic pigments and stress tolerance in wheat under drought stress. PeerJ 2020, 8, e9960 .

AMA Style

Ammar Azmat, Humaira Yasmin, Muhammad Nadeem Hassan, Asia Nosheen, Rabia Naz, Muhammad Sajjad, Noshin Ilyas, Malik Nadeem Akhtar. Co-application of bio-fertilizer and salicylic acid improves growth, photosynthetic pigments and stress tolerance in wheat under drought stress. PeerJ. 2020; 8 ():e9960.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ammar Azmat; Humaira Yasmin; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Muhammad Sajjad; Noshin Ilyas; Malik Nadeem Akhtar. 2020. "Co-application of bio-fertilizer and salicylic acid improves growth, photosynthetic pigments and stress tolerance in wheat under drought stress." PeerJ 8, no. : e9960.

Journal article
Published: 26 October 2020 in Sustainability
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This research was designed to elucidate the role of exopolysaccharides (EPS) producing bacterial strains for the amelioration of drought stress in wheat. Bacterial strains were isolated from a farmer’s field in the arid region of Pakistan. Out of 24 isolated stains, two bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis (Accession No. MT742976) and Azospirillum brasilense (Accession No. MT742977) were selected, based on their ability to produce EPS and withstand drought stress. Both bacterial strains produced a good amount of EPS and osmolytes and exhibited drought tolerance individually, however, a combination of these strains produced higher amounts of EPS (sugar 6976 µg/g, 731.5 µg/g protein, and 1.1 mg/g uronic acid) and osmolytes (proline 4.4 µg/mg and sugar 79 µg/mg) and significantly changed the level of stress-induced phytohormones (61%, 49% and 30% decrease in Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), Gibberellic Acid (GA), and Cytokinin (CK)) respectively under stress, but an increase of 27.3% in Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration was observed. When inoculated, the combination of these strains improved seed germination, seedling vigor index, and promptness index by 18.2%, 23.7%, and 61.5% respectively under osmotic stress (20% polyethylene glycol, PEG6000). They also promoted plant growth in a pot experiment with an increase of 42.9%, 29.8%, and 33.7% in shoot length, root length, and leaf area, respectively. Physiological attributes of plants were also improved by bacterial inoculation showing an increase of 39.8%, 61.5%, and 45% in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid content respectively, as compared to control. Inoculations of bacterial strains also increased the production of osmolytes such asproline, amino acid, sugar, and protein by 30%, 23%, 68%, and 21.7% respectively. Co-inoculation of these strains enhanced the production of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 35.1%, catalase (CAT) by 77.4%, and peroxidase (POD) by 40.7%. Findings of the present research demonstrated that EPS, osmolyte, stress hormones, and antioxidant enzyme-producing bacterial strains impart drought tolerance in wheat and improve its growth, morphological attributes, physiological parameters, osmolytes production, and increase antioxidant enzymes.

ACS Style

Noshin Ilyas; Komal Mumtaz; Nosheen Akhtar; Humaira Yasmin; R. Sayyed; Wajiha Khan; Hesham Enshasy; Daniel Dailin; Elsayed Elsayed; Zeshan Ali. Exopolysaccharides Producing Bacteria for the Amelioration of Drought Stress in Wheat. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8876 .

AMA Style

Noshin Ilyas, Komal Mumtaz, Nosheen Akhtar, Humaira Yasmin, R. Sayyed, Wajiha Khan, Hesham Enshasy, Daniel Dailin, Elsayed Elsayed, Zeshan Ali. Exopolysaccharides Producing Bacteria for the Amelioration of Drought Stress in Wheat. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):8876.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noshin Ilyas; Komal Mumtaz; Nosheen Akhtar; Humaira Yasmin; R. Sayyed; Wajiha Khan; Hesham Enshasy; Daniel Dailin; Elsayed Elsayed; Zeshan Ali. 2020. "Exopolysaccharides Producing Bacteria for the Amelioration of Drought Stress in Wheat." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8876.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Controlling agricultural pests using suitable biocontrol agents has been considered the best strategy for sustainable agriculture. Charcoal rot caused by a necrotrophic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina is responsible for a 30–50% annual reduction in soybean yield worldwide. Little is known about the role of Bacillus clausii in reducing charcoal rot disease severity in the soybean crop. In this study, we investigated plant growth promoting and antagonistic potential of Pseudomonas putida (MT604992) and Bacillus clausii (MT604989) against charcoal rot disease incidence in soybean. Among twenty bacteria isolated from soil and water samples of two different hot springs of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, 80% were siderophore positive; 65% were hydrogen cyanide (HCN) positive; 55%, 30%, and 75% were phosphate, potassium, and zinc solubilizers, respectively. Based on higher antagonistic activities and plant growth promoting traits five strains were selected for in vitro screening. Out of all tested strains, Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus clausii showed a significant increase in germination, growth, and disease suppression in soybean. These strains produced a pronounced increase in relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability, proline, antioxidant enzymes status, phytohormones content (Salicylic acid, and Jasmonic acid), and disease suppression in comparison to control plants. Bacillus clausii mitigated the disease by 97% with a marked increase in the proline content (73% and 89%), superoxide dismutase (356% and 208%), peroxidase (439% and 138.6%), catalase (255.8% and 80.8%), and ascorbate peroxidase (228% and 90%) activities in shoots and roots, respectively. Infected plants showed an increase in salicylic acid and jasmonic acid content which was further increased with the application of the selected strains to increase resistance against pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing a rise in salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in Macrophomina phaseolina infected plants. These two strains are suggested as a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides. However, there is a need to explore the field testing and molecular mechanisms leading to disease suppression by these strains.

ACS Style

Humaira Yasmin; Rabia Naz; Asia Nosheen; Muhammad Hassan; Noshin Ilyas; Muhammad Sajjad; Seemab Anjum; Xiangkuo Gao; Zhide Geng. Identification of New Biocontrol Agent against Charcoal Rot Disease Caused by Macrophomina Phaseolina in Soybean (Glycine Max L.). Sustainability 2020, 12, 6856 .

AMA Style

Humaira Yasmin, Rabia Naz, Asia Nosheen, Muhammad Hassan, Noshin Ilyas, Muhammad Sajjad, Seemab Anjum, Xiangkuo Gao, Zhide Geng. Identification of New Biocontrol Agent against Charcoal Rot Disease Caused by Macrophomina Phaseolina in Soybean (Glycine Max L.). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):6856.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Humaira Yasmin; Rabia Naz; Asia Nosheen; Muhammad Hassan; Noshin Ilyas; Muhammad Sajjad; Seemab Anjum; Xiangkuo Gao; Zhide Geng. 2020. "Identification of New Biocontrol Agent against Charcoal Rot Disease Caused by Macrophomina Phaseolina in Soybean (Glycine Max L.)." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 6856.

Research article
Published: 16 April 2020 in PLOS ONE
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Salt stress is one of the devastating factors that hampers growth and productivity of soybean. Use of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes to improve salt tolerance in soybean has not been thoroughly explored yet. Therefore, we observed the response of hydroponically grown soybean plants, inoculated with halotolerant P. pseudoalcaligenes (SRM-16) and Bacillus subtilis (SRM-3) under salt stress. In vitro testing of 44 bacterial isolates revealed that four isolates showed high salt tolerance. Among them, B. subtilis and P. pseudoalcaligenes showed ACC deaminase activity, siderophore and indole acetic acid (IAA) production and were selected for the current study. We determined that 106 cells/mL of B. subtilis and P. pseudoalcaligenes was sufficient to induce tolerance in soybean against salinity stress (100 mM NaCl) in hydroponics by enhancing plant biomass, relative water content and osmolytes. Upon exposure of salinity stress, P. pseudoalcaligenes inoculated soybean plants showed tolerance by the increased activities of defense related system such as ion transport, antioxidant enzymes, proline and MDA content in shoots and roots. The Na+ concentration in the soybean plants was increased in the salt stress; while, bacterial priming significantly reduced the Na+ concentration in the salt stressed soybean plants. However, the antagonistic results were observed for K+ concentration. Additionally, soybean primed with P. pseudoalcaligenes and exposed to 100 mM NaCl showed a new protein band of 28 kDa suggesting that P. pseudoalcaligenes effectively reduced salt stress. Our results showed that salinity tolerance was more pronounced in P. pseudoalcaligenes as compared to B. subtilis. However, a detailed study at molecular level to interpret the mechanism by which P. pseudoalcaligenes alleviates salt stress in soybean plants need to be explored.

ACS Style

Humaira Yasmin; Sana Naeem; Murk Bakhtawar; Zahra Jabeen; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Rumana Keyani; Saqib Mumtaz; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan. Halotolerant rhizobacteria Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and Bacillus subtilis mediate systemic tolerance in hydroponically grown soybean (Glycine max L.) against salinity stress. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0231348 .

AMA Style

Humaira Yasmin, Sana Naeem, Murk Bakhtawar, Zahra Jabeen, Asia Nosheen, Rabia Naz, Rumana Keyani, Saqib Mumtaz, Muhammad Nadeem Hassan. Halotolerant rhizobacteria Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and Bacillus subtilis mediate systemic tolerance in hydroponically grown soybean (Glycine max L.) against salinity stress. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (4):e0231348.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Humaira Yasmin; Sana Naeem; Murk Bakhtawar; Zahra Jabeen; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Rumana Keyani; Saqib Mumtaz; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan. 2020. "Halotolerant rhizobacteria Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and Bacillus subtilis mediate systemic tolerance in hydroponically grown soybean (Glycine max L.) against salinity stress." PLOS ONE 15, no. 4: e0231348.

Research article
Published: 01 March 2020 in Phytopathology®
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Fusarium root and crown rot is the most common disease of wheat, especially wheat grown in arid zones where drought is a common issue. The development of environmentally safe approaches to manage diseases of food crops is important for humans. The monocropping system recruits beneficial bacteria that promote plant growth through nutrient solubilization and pathogen suppression. In this study, a field where wheat was monocropped for 5 successive years under rainfed conditions was identified. A total of 29 bacterial isolates were obtained from the rhizosphere, endosphere, and phyllosphere of wheat at its harvesting stage. The Gram-negative bacteria were less prevalent (41%) but the majority (75%) exhibited plant growth-promoting traits. The ability of strains to solubilize nutrients (solubilization index = 2.3 to 4), inhibit pathogenic fungi (25 to 56%), and produce antifungal compounds was highly variable. The rhizobacteria significantly promoted the growth and disease resistance of wheat varieties such as Pirsbak-2015 and Galaxy-2013 by inducing antioxidant enzyme activity (0.2- to 2.1-fold). The bacterial strains were identified as Ochrobactrum spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Pseudomonas mediterranea by 16S rRNA and rpoD sequence analysis. The endophytic bacterium P. mediterranea HU-9 exhibited maximum biocontrol efficacy against wheat root and crown rot diseases with a disease score/disease index from 1.8 to 3.1. The monocropping systems of rainfed agriculture are an ideal source of beneficial bacteria to use as bioinoculants for different crops.

ACS Style

Habib Ullah; Humaira Yasmin; Saqib Mumtaz; Zahra Jabeen; Rabia Naz; Asia Nosheen; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan. Multitrait Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Monocropped Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Suppress Fusarium Root and Crown Rot. Phytopathology® 2020, 110, 582 -592.

AMA Style

Habib Ullah, Humaira Yasmin, Saqib Mumtaz, Zahra Jabeen, Rabia Naz, Asia Nosheen, Muhammad Nadeem Hassan. Multitrait Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Monocropped Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Suppress Fusarium Root and Crown Rot. Phytopathology®. 2020; 110 (3):582-592.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Habib Ullah; Humaira Yasmin; Saqib Mumtaz; Zahra Jabeen; Rabia Naz; Asia Nosheen; Muhammad Nadeem Hassan. 2020. "Multitrait Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Monocropped Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Suppress Fusarium Root and Crown Rot." Phytopathology® 110, no. 3: 582-592.

Chapter
Published: 13 October 2019 in Sustainable Development and Biodiversity
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This chapter summarizes the role of rhizosphere dwelling beneficial bacteria for the induction of tolerance against drought and salt stresses in plants. A vast proportion of world’s agricultural land is rendered less productive or completely unproductive due to different factors including water scarcity and salinity. Drought can be due to insufficient rainfall, dry spells or changes in rainfall patterns whereas salinity is because of excessive amount of salts in soil or water. This salinity can be primary (arise due to natural phenomena) or it can be secondary (anthropogenic in origin). Plants respond to drought and salinity via morphological, physiological and biochemical mechanisms. To overcome devastating effects of these stresses in plants, different strategies developed along with the traditional agricultural practices. An emerging strategy to overcome drought and salinity is the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which enable plants to combat these stresses by various direct and indirect mechanisms. Rhizobacteria are under extensive research for their beneficial effects, uncomplicated and cost-effective application methods and their environment-friendly behaviors. Now also serve as best alternatives to chemical and traditional methods so as to overcome to tolerate and ameliorate harmful effects in plants.

ACS Style

Humaira Yasmin; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Rumana Keyani; Seemab Anjum. Regulatory Role of Rhizobacteria to Induce Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity 2019, 279 -335.

AMA Style

Humaira Yasmin, Asia Nosheen, Rabia Naz, Rumana Keyani, Seemab Anjum. Regulatory Role of Rhizobacteria to Induce Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. 2019; ():279-335.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Humaira Yasmin; Asia Nosheen; Rabia Naz; Rumana Keyani; Seemab Anjum. 2019. "Regulatory Role of Rhizobacteria to Induce Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants." Sustainable Development and Biodiversity , no. : 279-335.