Transformerless inverters are increasingly favored in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems due to their higher efficiency, reduced size, and lower cost. This paper presents a novel transformerless inverter topology that integrates buck boost conversion with an advanced fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to enhance energy extraction and power quality under dynamically changing solar conditions. The proposed system employs a sine triangle pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme in conjunction with the FLC to improve waveform quality and system responsiveness. By dynamically adapting to variations in irradiance and load, the control strategy reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) from 36.51% to 1.51%, significantly enhancing compliance with international grid standards. Additionally, a novel grounding technique is implemented to mitigate common mode leakage currents, a typical issue in transformerless systems, without the need for galvanic isolation. Comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink simulations validate the inverter’s performance, demonstrating superior dynamic behavior, harmonic suppression, and overall reliability. The proposed architecture offers a compact, cost effective, and high performance solution for next generation grid integrated solar PV systems.

A hybrid generation is a part of large power system in which number of sources usually attached to a power electronic converter and loads are clustered can operate independent of the main power system. The protection scheme is crucial against faults based on traditional over current protection since there are adequate problems due to fault currents in the mode of operation. This paper adopts a new approach for detection, discrimination of the faults for multi terminal transmission line protection in presence of hybrid generation. Transient current based protection scheme is developed with discrete wavelet transform. Fault indices of all phase currents at all terminals are obtained by analyzing the detail coefficients of current signals using bior 1.5 mother wavelet. This scheme is tested for different types of faults and is found effective for detection and discrimination of fault with various fault inception angle and fault impedance.

This study evaluates the Technical Efficiency (TE) and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of 54 Indian Electricity Distribution Utilities (IEDUs) from 2020 to 2023 using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI). The Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes (CCR) model revealed that only 35.18% of DMUs (19 out of 54) were technically efficient, with average efficiency improving marginally from 0.84 to 0.88. Slack-based inefficiencies resulted in an estimated input overutilization of Rs. 63,270.12 crore, highlighting significant operational inefficiencies. Further examined the Total Productivity (TFP) of IEDUs, revealing a 2.5% improvement in operational efficiency (efficiency change = 1.025), driven by gains in pure efficiency (1.036). Although a 7.6% decline in Technological Change (TECHCH = 0.924), due to outdated infrastructure and regulatory delays, offset these gains. Persistent Aggregate Technical & Commercial (AT&C) losses averaged 17.71%, leading to a 5.3% decrease in TFP. Efficient Decision-Making Units (DMUs) incurred lower costs per million units sold (Rs. 0.776 crores) than inefficient units (Rs. 0.924 crores), underscoring the importance of operational optimization. This study employs a DEA–Malmquist framework on 54 IEDUs during 2020–2023 a reform-critical period encompassing post-UDAY, RDSS, and COVID-19 to quantify inefficiency costs, benchmark peer utilities, and provide strategic direction for enhancing operational performance, financial sustainability, and sector-wide reforms.

India is presently the world’s fifth-largest economy and is also one of the fastest-growing. This rapid growth trajectory positions India on track to become the third-largest economy globally by 2030. Electricity is a critical component of the nation’s economic and human development, whose growth is directly or indirectly dependent on the growth of other sectors. Currently. India is the third-largest electricity producer in the world after China and the United States. However, its per capita electricity consumption is relatively low, ranking around 106th globally. This indicates that while India generates a significant amount of electricity, the consumption per person is still modest. The development of the electricity sector in India has occurred in multiple stages, with significant legislative changes implemented in 1991, 1998, 2003 and 2020 in which it aimed to modernize and improve various aspects of the sector, including generation, transmission, and distribution. Though, there have been notable challenges persisting with poor performance, especially in the distribution segment. Owing to this, in the present manuscript, investigations are focused on fifty-five distribution utilities that provide electricity to a significant portion of India’s population across twenty-eight states. In this study, evaluation of the relative performance efficiencies and classification of fifty-five Indian Electric Distribution Utilities (IEDUs) is performed. For this, Data Envelopment Analysis is employed to analyze and identify the underlying reasons for the deficiencies in sector performance. The Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes (CCR) and Banker-Charnes-Cooper (BCC) models have been employed, and overall and pure technical efficiencies have been computed and compared the inefficient with efficient IEDUs for the period of 2016–2019. The outcome specifies performance efficiency scores and classification of IEDUs as decision-making units (DMUs) by sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity analysis reveals that 40 out of 55 DMUs, i.e., 72.72%, come under the category of significantly inefficient and distinctly inefficient with a base technical efficiency score of less than 90%.