Exploring the impact of landscape planning on visual and spatial perception is particularly significant for historical district tourism. The existing literature offers limited insight into which historical landscapes most effectively influence tourists’ visual and spatial perceptions. Our study investigates this relationship within the cultural heritage context of Laomendong, a historical district in Nanjing, China. Utilizing the Stimulus–Organism–Response (SOR) theoretical framework, this research explored how the stylistic, symbolic, and spatial dimensions of historical landscapes influence tourists’ visual and spatial perceptions. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test hypotheses concerning the relationships between historical landscapes, visual perception, spatial perception, and individual predispositions. The findings revealed that stylistic factors (material, color, and ornament), symbolic factors (landmark, relic, and sign), and spatial factors (openness, scale, and layout) significantly enhance visual perception and subsequently spatial perception. Visual perception plays a mediating role in the influence of historical landscapes on spatial perception. Individual predispositions, like sensation-seeking, intensify spatial perception, while destination familiarity surprisingly shows a negative effect, suggesting that over-familiarity might diminish the novelty and excitement of a spatial experience. These insights provide practical implications for the sustainable development of landscape planning in historical district tourism.

Citywalk, a recently emerging form of leisure-oriented mobility, reflects increasing public interest in healthier lifestyles and more immersive urban experiences in Chinese metropolises. This study develops an integrative assessment framework combining Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) and the Kano model to examine both functional and affective dimensions of pedestrian satisfaction. Based on a multidimensional assessment model that integrates 25 factors of pedestrian perception, large-scale surveys were conducted in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, focusing on perceptions of spatial form, sensory atmosphere, accessibility, safety, and supporting facilities. A Satisfaction Scale (SS) and an Importance Scale (IS) were used to quantify responses, and the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) statistic indicated adequate sampling reliability. Results show that in Beijing and Shanghai, Biodiversity Visibility and Ecological Connection (LE5 = 3.706) and Street Furniture and Urban Amenity Integration (IN2 = 3.255) respectively rank first in terms of satisfaction, while Guangzhou showed highest satisfaction ratings with Pedestrian Infrastructure and Circulation Systems (IN3 = 3.206). It concludes that accessibility, safety, and route signage represent basic expectations whose absence substantially lowers satisfaction, and integration of cultural narratives were identified as effective design features associated with improved comfort and engagement. The framework and findings provide an empirical basis for analyzing pedestrian experience and identifying priorities for improving citywalk environments under different urban conditions.

Urban public spaces significantly influence public perceptions and experiences. This study, conducted in Beijing, China, employs structural equation modeling (SEM) and Friedman testing to analyze key criteria—safety, attractiveness, facilities, activities, and social environment—that impact perceptions of both virtual and physical public spaces. The findings reveal that attractiveness is the most influential criterion, significantly shaping public opinion. Facilities and activities follow, highlighting the necessity for well-equipped amenities and engaging social activities. The social environment also plays a crucial role, emphasizing the need for spaces that foster social interactions. Safety, while important, is less influential compared to the other criteria. These results underscore the importance of aesthetic considerations, well-equipped amenities, and vibrant social environments in urban design. This study provides actionable insights for urban designers and planners, advocating for a balanced approach that prioritizes these criteria to enhance the quality of life in urban areas. By focusing on these aspects, urban planners can create more effective and satisfying public spaces that meet the diverse needs of the community, ensuring that both physical and virtual spaces contribute positively to urban living.

In India, where the transport sector contributes significantly to CO2 emissions, there has been a growing shift towards electric vehicles (EVs), particularly in the three-wheeler segment. Traditional auto-rickshaws, a staple in urban transportation, are often powered by internal combustion engines, leading to pollution and high fuel consumption. Electric three-wheelers, or e-rickshaws, have emerged as a cleaner, more efficient alternative, with zero tailpipe emissions. However, the successful adoption of electric three-wheelers depends on understanding the preferences and challenges faced by auto-rickshaw drivers, who are key to the Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) system. Based on this motivation, the study contributed to the literature by analyzing stated preference survey data from 2,403 respondents who purchased electric tricycles in 2023. We provide insights into the relationship between consumer demographics (such as age, income, gender, education), Vehicle operations, Vehicle financing and Electrification perspective and their preferences for specific electric and fuel tricycle segments. Finally, we estimate consumers' preference for electric tricycles and fuel tricycles. To do this, we use a discrete choice model and estimate the impact factor of Indian consumers in purchasing electric tricycles to obtain market penetration strategies for future electric tricycles.