Calcium phosphates offer outstanding biological adaptability. Thanks to their specific physico-chemical properties they are one of the most widely used materials in bone tissue engineering applications. The search for an innovative and economic strategy of synthesizing their different forms has been drawing considerable attention in the field. Herein, we report on a facile hydrothermal process in the presence of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and monoethanolamine to obtain various forms of calcium phosphates. The monoethanolamine served as an alkaline source and crystal growth modifier, while ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid was used to control the Ca²⁺ supersaturation level under high temperature and high pressure conditions. The obtained inorganic compounds were examined for their elemental composition, morphology, and structure using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and powder x-ray diffraction. We were able to selectively synthesize monetite plate-like microcrystals as well as hydroxyapatite plates and nanofibers by simply varying the concentration of monoethanolamine.

Nanotechnology is a very attractive tool for tailoring the surface of an orthopedic implant to optimize its interaction with the biological environment. Nanostructured interfaces are promising, especially for orthopedic applications. They can not only improve osseointegration between the implant and the living bone but also may be used as drug delivery platforms. The nanoporous structure can be used as a drug carrier to the surrounding tissue, with the intention to accelerate tissue–implant integration as well as to reduce and treat bacterial infections occurring after implantation. Titanium oxide nanotubes are promising for such applications; however, their brittle nature could be a significantly limiting factor. In this work, we modified the topography of commercially used titanium foil by the anodization process and hydrothermal treatment. As a result, we obtained a crystalline nanoporous u-shaped structure (US) of anodized titanium oxide with improved resistance to scratch compared to TiO₂ nanotubes. The US titanium substrate was successfully modified with hydroxyapatite coating and investigated for bioactivity. Results showed high bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) after two weeks of incubation.

The goal of this work was to create a bioactive tissue-based scaffold using multi-disciplinary engineering materials and tissue engineering techniques. Materials & methods: Physical techniques such as direct laser interference lithography and proton radiation were selected as alternative methods of enzymatic and chemical decellularization to remove cells from a tissue without degradation of the extracellular matrix nor its protein structure. This study was an attempt to prepare a functional scaffold for cell culture from tissue of animal origin using new physical methods that have not been considered before. The work was carried out under full control of the histological and molecular analysis. Results & conclusions: The most important finding was that the physical methods used to obtain the decellularized tissue scaffold differed in the efficiency of cell removal from the tissue in favour of the laser method. Both the laser method and the proton method exhibited a destructive effect on tissue structure and the genetic material in cell nuclei. This effect was visible on histology images as blurred areas within the cell nucleus. The finite element 3D simulation of decellularization process of the three-layer tissue of animal origin sample reflected well the mechanical response of tissue described by hyperelastic material models and provided results comparable to the experimental ones.