The aza-Michael reaction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (1) and -silatrane (2) with acrylates affords functionalized silyl-(3–8) and silatranyl-(9–14) mono- and diadducts with up to a 99% yield. Their structure has been proved with IR and NMR spectroscopies, mass spectrometry and XRD analysis. The hydrolytic homo-condensation of triethoxysilanes 3–5 gives siloxanes 3a–5a, which form complexes with Ag, Cu, and Ni salts. They are also able to adsorb these metals from solutions. The hetero-condensation reaction of silanes 4–8 with OH groups of zeolite (Z), silica gel (S) and glass (G) delivers the modified materials (Z4, S7, G4, G5, G7, G8, etc.), which can adsorb ions of noble metal (Au, Rh, Pd: G4 + Au, G5 + Pd, G7 + Rh). Thus, the synthesized Si-organic polymers and materials turned out to be promising sorbents (enterosorbents) of noble, heavy, toxic metal ions and can be applied in industry, environment, and medicine.

In order to obtain sulfur-containing organophosphorus compounds that are promising as extractants of heavy metals, the interaction of elemental phosphorus and sulfur with alkyl bromides catalyzed using strong bases was studied. According to the task, the reaction of non-toxic and non-flammable red phosphorus with alkyl bromides under conditions of phase transfer catalysts (PTC), followed by the introduction of elemental sulfur into the reaction medium, were studied. It is shown that alkyl bromides interact with red phosphorus when heated (95–105 °C, 5–8 h) under conditions of phase transfer catalysts (PTC) in a two-phase system: a 60% aqueous solution of KOH-toluene-benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) forming a mixture of organophosphorus compounds along with alkylphosphines (57–60%), are the main reaction products; alkylphosphine oxides are also formed (40–43%). The introduction of elemental sulfur (solution in toluene) at the final stage of the process into the reaction mass cooled to 40–60 °C leads to the expected alkylphosphine sulfides, which are the result of the interaction of alkylphosphines with sulfur. The formation of complex mixtures of products prevents the release of target alkylphosphine sulfides in individual form. However, the synthesized mixture of alkylphosphine sulfides and alkylphosphine oxides without separation into individual components is promising for studying its extraction properties in relation to heavy metals. Testing of the extraction properties of synthesized mixtures of alkylphosphine sulfides and alkylphosphine oxides in relation to heavy metals (Ni, Co, Zn, Pb) and noble metals (Ag) showed that the resulting mixtures of tertiary phosphine oxides and phosphine sulfides are highly effective extractants. The degree of extraction in relation to Ni, Co, Zn, and Pb varies from 99.90 to 99.99%, and for Ag from 99.56 to 99.59%.

The supramolecular structure of the crystal products–N-[2-chloro-2-(silatranyl)ethyl]-4-nitro-benzenesulfonamide 4d and N-chloro-N-[2-chloro-1-(silatran-1-yl-methyl)ethyl]benzene-sulfonamide 5a was established by X-ray diffraction analysis data, FTIR spectroscopy and DFT quantum chemical calculations. Their crystal lattice is formed by cyclic dimers with intermolecular hydrogen NH∙∙∙O-Si bonds and CH∙∙∙O=S short contacts. The distribution of electron density in the monomers was determined using quantum chemical calculations of their molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) in an isolated state (in gas) and in a polar medium. The transition from covalent N–Si bonds in crystal compounds and polar medium to non-covalent N∙∙∙Si bonds happened while performing the calculations on the monomer molecules and their dimers in gas. The effect of intermolecular interactions on the strength of the N–Si and N∙∙∙Si bonds in molecules was evaluated through calculations of their complexes with H₂O and DMSO.

Today, lithium is becoming a new strategic material capable of influencing the sustainable development of the world economy. The results of developments in the production of innovative electrode materials from lithium carbonate on the basis of domestic lithium-containing raw materials with the creation of a full cycle of the technological line of lithium production: from ores to modern lithium batteries are pesented. Analysis of the explored reserves, mineral and material composition of domestic spodumene raw materials and lithium-containing dumps of the Belogorsk GOK indicate the prospects and expediency of their development for the production of the ever-increasing needs of the world market for lithium materials. As a result, the sulfuric acid technology for obtaining high-grade lithium carbonate directly from spodumene was optimized, bypassing the stage of obtaining a technical grade product, in a single technological process for processing spodumene with a reduction in the number of technological operations, excluding the expensive operation of concentrating a lithium sulfate solution by stripping. An efficient technology of purification and post-treatment of technical lithium carbonate to battery quality of 99.95% has been developed, including the processes of causticization of technical lithium carbonate, ultrafiltration and ion-exchange sorption of a solution of lithium hydroxide, followed by precipitation of lithium carbonate by ammonium carbonate. Cathode materials - lithium iron-phosphate , obtained from high-purity lithium carbonate by aerosol pyrolysis (MAP) and the sol-gel method (SGM), showed good electrochemical characteristics. The end result is innovative electrode materials for modern LIBs with significantly increased capacity and stability. The practical implementation of a full cycle of technologies from lithium-containing raw materials to modern lithium batteries opens up prospects for the creation in Kazakhstan of a high-tech lithium cluster according to the Scheme: Spodumene ores → Lithium concentrate → Lithium carbonate → Lithium cathode materials → Batteries.

Исследованы экстракционные и адсорбционные характеристики халькогенсодержащих олигомеров, полученных из хлорекса и элементных халькогенов в системах гидразингидрат–основание. Сера- и селенсодержащие олигомеры, синтезированные в системе гидразингидрат–моноэтаноламин, растворимы в органических растворителях, полученные растворы способны экстрагировать ионы Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺ и Ni²⁺ из водных растворов. Олигомеры, синтезированные в системе гидразингидрат–вода–КОН (сера- и селенсодержащие олигомеры), а также теллурсодержащий олигомер, полученный в системе гидразингидрат–КОН, использованы в качестве адсорбентов. Предположено, что экстракция и адсорбция ионов металлов халькогенсодержащими олигомерами осуществляется путем формирования комплексов, в которых атомы халькогенов выступают в качестве лигандов. Влияние природы атома халькогена на возможность образования комплексов, то есть на экстракционные и адсорбционные свойства используемых олигомеров, рассмотрено с позиции принципа жестких и мягких кислот и оснований, согласно которому катионы Hg²⁺ и Cd²⁺ относятся к мягким кислотам, а катионы Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺ и Ni2⁺ – к кислотам промежуточной жесткости. Атомы халькогенов относятся к мягким основаниям. Эксперимент показал, что ионы Hg²⁺ и Cd²⁺ легко экстрагируются и адсорбируются всеми использованными олигомерами, тогда как катионы промежуточной жесткости легче всего вступают во взаимодействие с серасодержащими олигомерами. Подтверждение образования комплексов олигомер–металл получено на основании анализа ИК-спектров и спектров ЯМР 77Se, зарегистрированных для сера- и селенсодержащих олигомеров до и после экстракции. В ИК-спектрах наблюдаются четкие изменения характера полос поглощения, обусловленные валентными колебаниями связей C–S и C–Se. В спектре ЯМР ⁷⁷Se появляется дополнительный сигнал дезэкранированных ядер селена. Незначительное изменение характера ИК-спектров в области валентных колебаний С–О указывает на слабое участие кислорода в формировании комплексов. Его роль в обеспечении высоких показателей по экстракции и адсорбции сводится, по-видимому, к увеличению гибкости макромолекул, которая обеспечивает формирование благоприятной геометрии для комплексообразования.

Zeolites are widely used as adsorbents due to their porous structure and ion-exchange capabilities. However, their adsorption efficiency for heavy metal ions remains limited. To enhance their performance, the natural zeolite heulandite (Z) was functionalized with guanidine derivatives: N-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]guanidine (1), -aminoguanidine (2), and -acetyl-guanidine (3). The resulting materials (Z1–Z3) were evaluated for their ability to adsorb Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Ni²⁺ from aqueous solutions. The composition and structure of silanes 1–3 were confirmed by FT-IR and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy methods. The modified zeolites were characterized using nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET) and SEM-EDX to confirm their functionalization and assess the structural changes. A TGA-DSC was used to determine the thermal stability. The adsorption experiments were conducted in single and multi-ionic aqueous solutions at pH 5.0 to evaluate metal uptake. Functionalization significantly improved the adsorption efficiency, with Z1–Z3 showing a three to six times greater adsorption capacity than the unmodified zeolite. The adsorption efficiency followed the trend Cu²⁺ > Co²⁺ > Ni²⁺, primarily due to chelate complex formation between the metal ions and guanidine groups. The SEM-EDX confirmed the co-localization of nitrogen atoms and metal ions. The functional materials (Z1–Z3) exhibited strong potential as adsorbents for noble, heavy, and toxic metal ions, and could find applications in industry, agriculture, ecology, medicine, chemistry, wastewater treatment, soil remediation, chemisorption, filtration, chromatography, etc.