The yield of achenes and the yield components of the head are specific to each sunflower hybrid, but they are influenced by the different growing factors (environmental and technological factors). Soil and climatic conditions are among the environmental factors with a great influence on the sunflower yield. Row spacing and plant population are of great importance among the technological factors. In this respect, the present study was aimed to study the influence of row spacing and plant population on yield of achenes and yield components of the head under different soil and climatic conditions from South Romania. Researches were performed in field experiments in the years 2013 and 2014, in two locations from South Romania, respectively Fundulea (44^o28’ N latitude and 26^o27’ E longitude) and Moara Domneasca (44^o29’ N latitude and 26^o15’ E longitude). In each location and experimental year there were studied four sunflower hybrids (Pro 111, Pro 953, LG56.62, and P64LE19), each of them under three row spacing (75 cm, 50 cm, and twin-rows of 75/45 cm) and under three plant populations (50,000, 60,000, and 70,000 plants ha^-1). The row spacing influenced differently the yield components of sunflower head according to the soil and climatic conditions. The highest yields were obtained at row spacing of 75 cm under favourable growing conditions and at row spacing of 50 cm under less favourable growing conditions. The increasing of plant population from 50,000 to 60,000 and further to 70,000 plants ha^-1 decreased the values of yield components of the head. In the same time, the increasing of plant population increased the yield under favourable growing conditions and decreased the yield under less favourable growing conditions.

The aim of this paper is to present the results regarding the yield and the yield components we have obtained at two triticale varieties studied under different preceding crops, different soil tillage conditions, and different nitrogen application conditions. In this respect, two triticale varieties (Tulus and Gorun 1) were studied under the following technological conditions: two preceding crop (sunflower and maize), two soil tillage (ploughing and harrowing), and six nitrogen application variants (0+0+0 kg.ha^-1, 40+40+40 kg.ha^-1, 40+80+0 kg.ha^-1, 0+40+80 kg.ha^-1, 0+80+40 kg.ha^-1, and 0+120+0 kg.ha^-1, respectively first application in autumn, before seedbed preparation, second application in spring, in the tillering growing stage, and third application in spring, in the two nodes growing stage). Researches were performed in a field experiment under rainfed conditions in the agricultural year 2013-2014. The field experiment was located on a reddish preluvosoil within the Experimental Farm Moara Domneasca (44° 29’44” North latitude and 26° 15’28.5” East longitude) belonging to the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest. There were determined the yield at 14% moisture content, the number of ears per square meter, the yield components of the ears (ear length; number of fertile spikelets per ear; number of sterile spikelets per ear; number of grains per ear; number of grains per spikelet; grain weight per ear), and the yield quality (thousand grain weight, hectoliter weight, protein contend and starch content of the grains).

The yield components and the grain yield are influenced by several factors, either they are environmental or technological. Among the environmental factors there is counting as one of the most important the water supply, while among the technological factors there are counting the preceding crop and fertilization strategy. In this respect, the aim of this paper is to present the results regarding the yield components and the grain yields obtained at two maize hybrids studied under the drought specific conditions of 2015 in South Romanian and under different preceding crops and fertilization conditions. In this respect, a field experiment was performed in 2015 on a reddish preluvosoil in South Romania under rainfed conditions. Two maize hybrids were studied under three preceding crops (triticale, sorghum and maize) and three fertilization conditions (N40+0P40, N40+40P40, N40+80P40). In the fully ripe stage of the maize plants, the cobs from one square meter and from each experimental variant were collected and analyzed in laboratory. The yield components of the cob were determined and the grain yield was calculated in tons.ha-1 and reported at moisture content of 14%. The obtained data were statistically processed by analysis of variance. In our study, the highest values of the yield components (cob length, number of kernels per cob, cob weight, and kernel weight on cob, except thousand grain weight) were registered in the case of maize as preceding crop and fertilization conditions of N40+80P40, which leaded to the highest values of the grain yield. Nitrogen application in the growth stage of five leaves increased the values of the yield component (except thousand grain weight) and of the grain yield, but according to the preceding crop

The main objective of this article is the analysis of crop rotation applied to three crop farms of different sizes in Romania. The period under study is before the implementation of the “Environmentally beneficial practices applicable to arable land” eco-scheme, included in the National Strategic Plan of Romania, 2023–2027, in the section on direct payments related to subsidies. The analysed crop farms have different areas, as follows: Farm A—64.97 ha, Farm B—615.50 ha and Farm C—2881.33 ha. This research aims to highlight the agro-environmental conditions specific to each farm that are required to be met by 2023. The data analysis highlights the fact that farms under 100 ha, such as Farm A, must apply the conditions of the eco-scheme as follows: 3.25 ha with non-productive elements, including uncultivated land; 6.50 ha cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, 16.25 ha cultivated with cereals, 19.49 ha cultivated with corn, 12.99 ha cultivated with sunflowers, 3.25 ha cultivated with watermelon and 3.25 ha cultivated with vegetables. These farms do not apply modern technologies and have fragmented surfaces, and must have both uncultivated areas and areas planted with nitrogen-fixing crops, but must also practice crop diversification. Farms of over 100 ha, such as Farm B, must have 30.78 ha of non-productive elements and 246.20 ha cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, of which 30.78 ha are perennial crops and 215.42 ha are annual crops, such as soy. Crop diversification is also recommended, with 92.33 ha cultivated with cereals, 184.65 ha cultivated with corn and 61.55 ha cultivated with oil crops, sunflower and/or rapeseed. Farms the size of Farm C must have 144.07 ha of non-productive elements, 720.33 ha must be cultivated with crops from the Leguminosae family, such as soy, and diversify crops as follows: 720.33 ha—cereals, 720.33 ha—corn, 518.64 ha—sunflower and/or rapeseed and 57.63 ha—potatoes.

Phomopsis juglandina (Sacc.) Höhn., which is the conidial state of Diaporthe juglandina (Fuckel) Nitschke, and the main pathogen causing the dieback of branches and twigs of walnut was recently detected in many orchards from Romania. The symptomatological, morphological, ultrastructural, and cultural characteristics, as well as the pathogenicity of an isolate of this lignicolous fungus, were described and illustrated. The optimum periods for infection, under the conditions prevailing in Southern Romania, mainly occur in the spring (April) and autumn months (late September-beginning of October). Strong inverse correlations (p < 0.001) were found between potential evapotranspiration and lesion lengths on walnut branches in 2019. The pathogen forms two types of phialospores: alpha and beta; the role of beta phialospores is not well known in pathogenesis. In Vitro, the optimal growth temperature of mycelial hyphae was in the range of 22–26 °C, and the optimal pH is 4.4–7. This pathogen should be monitored continuously due to its potential for damaging infestations of intensive plantations.