A well-known putative tumor suppressor WW domain–containing oxidoreductase (Wwox) is highly expressed in hormonally regulated tissues and is considered important for the normal development and function of reproductive organs. In this study, we investigated the cellular and subcellular localization of Wwox in normal testes during postnatal days 0–70 using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Wwox is expressed in testes at all ages. Immunohistochemistry showed that fetal-type and adult-type Leydig cells, immature and mature Sertoli cells, and germ cells (from gonocytes to step 17 spermatids) expressed Wwox except peritubular myoid cells, step 18–19 spermatids, and mature sperm. Wwox localized diffusely in the cytoplasm with focal intense signals in all testicular cells. These signals gradually condensed in germ cells with their differentiation and colocalized with giantin for cis-Golgi marker and partially with golgin-97 for trans-Golgi marker. Biochemically, Wwox was detected in isolated Golgi-enriched fractions. But Wwox was undetectable in the nucleus. This subcellular localization pattern of Wwox was also confirmed in single-cell suspension. These findings indicate that Wwox is functional in most cell types of testis and might locate into Golgi apparatus via interaction with Golgi proteins. These unique localizations might be related to the function of Wwox in testicular development and spermatogenesis:

Background and Aim: Small ruminants require vaccines to prevent and manage diseases. Unfortunately, no studies have been conducted in Bangladesh to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of small ruminant farmers (SRF) regarding vaccine use against infectious diseases, affecting the success of vaccination campaigns. The present study aims to assess SRF’s KAP regarding vaccines, revealing gaps and barriers to efficient vaccination. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and twenty-eight SRF in northern Bangladesh were surveyed in a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from random participants through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. KAP levels were categorized as “good” or “poor” and “positive” or “negative” using a scoring method with a 60% cutoff. The analysis comprised the utilization of descriptive statistics as well as logistic regression models. Results: Results showed that most participants were female (60.5%), aged 31–40 (34.2%), with secondary education (28.1%), and vaccination training (22.8%). While 75% knew about vaccines, only 37.3% understood their role in preventing infectious diseases, and 63.6% in reducing antibiotic use 68.4% of farmers were aware of negative drawbacks, and 61.8% reported vaccinating their herds. About 42.1% of the farmers had good knowledge, 52.6% had a positive attitude, and 22.8% followed good practices. Female farmers with graduate degrees and 6–10 years of goat farming experience, but not those with vaccination training, demonstrated stronger knowledge. Female farmers with a graduate degree and 6–10 years of goat farming experience displayed positive attitudes. Female goat farmers from Thakurgaon had a higher likelihood of following good vaccination practices than those with vaccination training. Conclusion: The study unearths disparities in KAP scores among farmers. To effectively address KAP gaps concerning vaccine usage and prevent potential infectious diseases, it is essential to design focused educational and training programs. About 52.6% of SRF hold a positive view toward vaccines. Keywords: Bangladesh, knowledge, attitudes, and practices, small ruminant farmers, vaccine use.

The primary objective of this study was to prepare the skeletons of rabbit and goose by rapid, economic and efficient method. Total 10 (5 rabbits and 5pink-footed goose) matured rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) were used. At first, the killed animals were skinned and defleshed with the help of scalpel and boiled in 3% solution of soda water for 1 hour. After cooling, the bony samples were cleaned and dipped into 10% solution of bleaching water for 2 hours and then were washed in tap water. Finally, the bony segments were articulated for rising into skeleton after complete sundry. The whole processes were taken a day (15-20 hours).This method is very effective because there is no chance of losing small bones, requires less expenditure, time and labour. It is also mentionable that the original color of the bone can be maintained and the visceral organs can be used for other studies.

Context: The increasing use of nanoparticles (NPs) in various consumer, agricultural, and pharmaceutical applications has raised considerable concern about their potential risks to human health and the environment. Aims: This study investigated the progressive toxic effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in mouse testes after single and repeated exposure. Methods: Prepubertal male mice were exposed to AgNPs by gavage at 50, 200, and 500 mg/kg body weight. Testis, epididymis, and serum were collected and subjected to histopathological analysis. Key results: Daily exposure to AgNPs for 7 and 15 days (n = 8) decreased sperm count, while increasing abnormal sperm count and testicular atrophy in a dose- and exposure-time-dependent manner. A single exposure to AgNPs at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight (n = 8) resulted in testicular histopathological changes and spermatogenic cell apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. The highest number of apoptotic cells was detected 24 h after exposure, whereas testicular testosterone (TT) concentrations decreased at 12 and 24 h. To explore whether AgNPs suppress TT concentrations by affecting the hypothalamus–pituitary–testicular (HPT) axis, we analyzed serum LH concentrations; however, no significant changes in LH levels were found. Conclusion: This study showed that AgNPs cause potential adverse effects on the testis, specifically, spermatogenic cell apoptosis, and impaired spermatogenesis in an exposure time- and dose-dependent manner. The testicular toxicity was not associated with suppression of the HPT axis, possibly involving other mechanisms. Implications: These findings contribute to the broader discussion on NP safety and regulatory considerations, particularly regarding their reproductive toxicity.

Identical anti-diabetic effect-producing herbs (Syzygium cumini and Ficus racemosa) were administered in different doses for improved hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects. Experimental rats collected from icddr’b were divided into six treatment groups (control, diabetic control, standard drug, and combined herbal extracts of low, moderate, and high dose) and arranged in a Completely Randomized Design. The doses were- low (SC @ 100 mg/kg b.wt & FR @ 100 mg/kg b.wt); moderate (SC @ 300 mg/kg b.wt & FR @ 200 mg/kg b.wt) and high (SC @ 500 mg/kg b.wt & FR @ 250 mg/kg b.wt). After 30 days of experiment, blood was collected for biochemical assay and the liver was harvested for histopathologic and histomorphometric analysis. Elevated biochemical indices were significantly improved after low and moderate dose. Like biochemical parameters, histopathological abnormalities of diabetic liver were also restored within the normal range after herbal extract administration in a dose-dependent manner. Histomorphometric findings further corroborate biochemical and histological results with an increased number of healthy hepatocytes. However, high dose herbal extract did not improve these parameters satisfactorily. Collectively, these results indicated that among the three doses, moderate dose of combined extract had the best hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effect. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2021) 25 (2) : 27-36