An intelligent ecosystem with real-time wireless technology is now playing a key role in meeting the sustainability requirements set by the United Nations. Dairy cattle are a major source of milk production all over the world. To meet the food demand of the growing population with maximum productivity, it is necessary for dairy farmers to adopt real-time monitoring technologies. In this study, we will be exploring and assimilating the limitless possibilities for technological interventions in dairy cattle to drastically improve their ecosystem. Intelligent systems for sensing, monitoring, and methods for analysis to be used in applications such as animal health monitoring, animal location tracking, milk quality, and supply chain, feed monitoring and safety, etc., have been discussed briefly. Furthermore, generalized architecture has been proposed that can be directly applied in the future for breakthroughs in research and development linked to data gathering and the processing of applications through edge devices, robots, drones, and blockchain for building intelligent ecosystems. In addition, the article discusses the possibilities and challenges of implementing previous techniques for different activities in dairy cattle. High computing power-based wearable devices, renewable energy harvesting, drone-based furious animal attack detection, and blockchain with IoT assisted systems for the milk supply chain are the vital recommendations addressed in this study for the effective implementation of the intelligent ecosystem in dairy cattle.

Smart farming with precise greenhouse monitoring in various scenarios is vital for improved agricultural growth management. The Internet of Things (IoT) leads to a modern age in computer networking that is gaining traction. This paper used a regression-based supervised machine learning approach to demonstrate a precise control of sensing parameters, CO₂, soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and light intensity, in a smart greenhouse agricultural system. The proposed scheme comprised four main components: cloud, fog, edge, and sensor. It was found that the greenhouse could be remotely operated for the control of CO₂, soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and light, resulting in improved management. Overall implementation was remotely monitored via the IoT using Message Query Telemetry Transport (MQTT), and sensor data were analysed for their standard and anomalous behaviours. Then, for practical computation over the cloud layer, an analytics and decision-making system was developed in the fog layer and constructed using supervised machine learning algorithms for precise management using regression modelling methods. The proposed framework improved its presentation and allowed us to properly accomplish the goal of the entire framework.

The incorporation of communication technology with Smart Grid (SG) is proposed as an optimal solution to fulfill the requirements of the modern power system. A smart grid integrates multiple energy sources or microgrids and is supported by an extensive control and communication network using the Internet of Things (IoT) for a carbon-free, more reliable, and intelligent energy system. Along with many benefits, the system faces novel security challenges, data management, integration, and interoperability challenges. The advanced control and communication network in the smart grid is susceptible to cyber and cyber-physical threats. A lot of research has been done to improve the cyber security of the smart grid. This review aims to provide an overview of the types of cyber security threats present for smart grids with an insight into strategies to overcome the challenges. As the selection of techniques and technologies may vary according to the threats faced, therefore the adoption of researched methods is compared and discussed. As cyber-security is the greatest challenge in smart grid implementation, this review is beneficial during the planning and operation of smart grids for enhanced security.

The rapid advancement of grid modernization and the proliferation of smart grids have engendered a critical need for cyber-physical security. Recent cyber-attacks targeting grid infrastructure, notably leading to substantial blackouts in Ukraine, underscore the vulnerabilities and potentially catastrophic consequences of such incursions. These attacks, whether stemming from cyber threats such as Denial of Service (DOS), False Data Injection Attacks (FDIA), or complex cyber-physical manipulations, emphasize the imperative of robust cybersecurity protocols in smart grid operations. This research investigates a pivotal approach to fortify and safeguard smart grid systems by integrating blockchain technology with wireless sensor nodes. By leveraging a Proof of Authority (PoA) Ethereum Blockchain framework, the study delves into the transformative capabilities of Blockchain within Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) networks. Specifically, it examines configurations across IEEE 14-bus, 30-bus, and 118-bus topologies. In addition to elucidating the inherent vulnerabilities in traditional SCADA systems, this study meticulously evaluates an array of performance matrices. Statistical analyses encompassing mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and confidence levels provide nuanced insights into the efficacy of blockchain mechanisms in enhancing SCADA resilience against contemporary cyber threats. This research endeavors to bridge the gap in modern cybersecurity paradigms by fusing blockchain technology with wireless sensor nodes. By fortifying data integrity, elevating the reliability of data transmission, and augmenting trustworthiness within SCADA infrastructures, this study aims to present robust solutions to the escalating cybersecurity challenges faced by smart grid systems.

The automobile revolution and growth in the number of cars produced several issues, and vehicle accidents remain one of the most serious road-related issues. Human mistakes and a failure to brake quickly are the main causes of accidents. There may be serious outcomes to driving when distracted. To address the aforementioned issues, an autonomous emergency braking system (AEBS) was developed. To support such an AEBS, scalable, reliable, secure, fault-tolerant, and interoperable technologies are required. An advanced emergency braking system (EBS) with sensor fusion is proposed in this paper that can autonomously identify a probable forward collision and activate the vehicle braking system to brake the vehicle to avoid or mitigate a collision. Additionally, it provides a non-linear speed controller that facilitates the AEBS to apply the brakes in an emergency. Sensor fusion using lidar, radar, and vision sensors makes the AEBS more efficient and more reliable to detect vehicles or obstacles and decreases the chance of collision to a minimum level. A MATLAB/Simulink environment was used for simulation experiments and the results demonstrated the stable operation of the AEBS to avoid forward collisions in the event of an error in the measurement of any one sensor while any vehicle is detected. The presented work establishes that the EBS sensor fusion unit is a highly reliable solution for detecting the leading vehicle at the proper time and the AEBS controller can apply the brake in the situation of forwarding obstacle detection.

In this review paper, the anti-surge control (ASC) of the compressors and fault-tolerant control (FTC) systems are described from the perspective of integration for reliability enhancement against faults in the system components. It explains the phenomenon of a surge in the compressors, surge precursors, and the potential damage caused by this surge. The explanation of surge avoidance methods in compressors incorporated with modern surge control systems is described along with their applications. The sizing of the system components and valves, particularly methodologies for appropriately estimating acceptable upstream pipe sizes, are elaborated. The existing surge protection techniques for compressors are analyzed to highlight the advantages and disadvantages and from a future perspective, new approaches for detecting system changes and surges, are included. In the end, the concept of fault tolerance and its advanced applications concerning the anti-surge control for compressors are explained. This study contributes to the young researchers in the field of anti-surge control systems for compressors with the integration of fault tolerance to increase the reliability of the system.