The capabilities of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems will make possible massive new levels of connectivity; very fast data transfer rates, from 10 Gbps to 20 Gbps; and high reliability of mobile communications. Developments in technology to meet these capabilities will be deployed in the existing frequency bands identified for cellular broadband communication systems, but they will also require new spectrum band resources in low, mid, and high frequencies to specifically provide high bandwidth resources that can efficiently deliver high data rate services. The main goal of the research was to investigate the available spectrum bands and data rates according to the available bandwidth assumptions in Indonesia as a study case.

The Indonesian spectrum usage fees—the so-called Biaya Hak Pengguna Frekuensi Izin Pita Frekuensi Radio (BHP IPFR)—are currently calculated using a formula determined by the three following main parameters: the frequency band, the country’s economic parameter, and the nationwide population. As spectrum usage fees are proportional to the width of the bandwidth, the current formula would result in an extremely high price when applied to 5G-mmWave private networks, with the cost burden being a direct consequence for the service operator. In this paper, we propose the formulation of a new spectrum usage fee for 5G-mmWave private network implementation in Indonesian industrial areas. To do so, we evaluate the current formula, adopt the framework offered by the ITU-R SM.2012-5 (06/2016), and use an industrial reference index—the Indonesia Industry Readiness Index 4.0 (INDI 4.0) score. We test the proposal by applying the new formula to calculate the 5G-mmWave private network spectrum usage fee for the Jakarta industrial area. The result shows that the new formula gives a lower spectrum usage fee than the current formula, which benefits 5G-mmWave private network service operators. Such savings can be regarded as a government subsidy for the service operators to use in various ways in the industry, providing further economic benefits. Using the input–output model, we prove that despite the proposed new formula brings a lower spectrum usage fee, resulting in a loss in state income, it will lead to a much greater positive impact on the national economic output. Applying the new formula will eventually have a multiplier effect on various sectors and encourage digital economic growth and national digital transformation, especially for vertical industries in Indonesia. This study may serve as a guideline or initial reference for Indonesian policymakers and service operators for applying the CAPEX and OPEX cost of using the new spectrum for 5G-mmWave private network service implementation and estimating the economic multiplier for 5G-mmWave private network service deployment in industrial areas. It can also be used as a benchmark case for other countries to apply spectrum usage fees for private networks in industrial areas.

5G has usage scenarios supporting various services and applications including enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC). This takes into account the potential of mid frequency band at 3.5 Ghz and high or mmwave frequency band at 26 and 28 GHz which are able to fulfill the need for wide bandwidth and data rate up to 10–20 Gbps. Jakarta as the capital city of Indonesia is a tropical region with a high rainfall, making it necessary to know of the channel characteristics over the frequency in Jakarta, in order to support the success of initial planning of 5G development. The characteristics of 5G channel are represented in Power Delay Profile (PDP) according to the simulation results using NYUSIM channel simulator. PDP is used to calculate outage probability, i.e. the probability of channel capacity is less than the code rate $(R)$ , indicating failure of detection on the receiver based on Shannon's theory. Outage Probability is obtained by cumulative distribution function of the capacity evaluated at $\pmb{R}$ This study presented a comparison of 5G channel models and outage probability of 10– ³ with rainfall of 150 mm/h and without rainfall (0 mm/h). The result showed that rainfall reduces the performance of 5G communication systems.

New Radio (NR) is the fifth generation of wireless access technology that is able to provide extreme mobile broadband, massive connectivity and low-latency communications. This study aimed to compare network planning in mid-band at 2.6 GHz and in high-band at 26 GHz which enables very large bandwidth for multi-Gigabit-per-second (Gbps) data rate transmission. The network planning used Mentum Planet 7.3 based on coverage area in the form of a case study in Jababeka Industrial Estate with an area of 22.67 $\mathrm{k}\mathrm{m}^{2}$. Link budget was calculated using Downlink Outdoor-to-Outdoor (O2O) with Line of Sight (LOS) and Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) scenarios based on the Urban Micro (UMi) and Urban Macro (UMa) propagation models with 3GPP TR 38.901 standardization. The simulation results showed that scenario 1 (downlink-O2OLOS) produced a better network than scenario 2 (downlink- O2O-NLOS). The NLOS scenario required a higher number of gNodeB than the LOS scenario because in the NLOS scenario, there was a trouble between the gNodeB and the user terminal. The maximum data rate at 2.6 GHz was 436.31 Mbps with an average SS-RSRP value of-96.01 dBm and an average SS-SINR value of 4.21 dB, while the maximum data rate for 26 GHz was 1.83 Gbps with an average SS-RSRP value of -78.14 dBm and an average SSSINR value of 0.46 dB.

This study evaluates the types of regulation models for The Indonesia Spectrum Usage Fee—the so-called Biaya Hak Pengguna (BHP) Frequency in 5G private network technology that are most suitable for implementation in Indonesia by implementing the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) method. This method accommodates the opinions of telecommunications experts from mobile network operators (MNOs), regulators, vertical industries, and telecommunications consultants through a series of scientific steps to produce weights for each type of alternative solution offered. The results obtained show that the proposed model most suitable for implementation in Indonesia, taking into account the given criteria, is the one that uses unlicensed 5G frequencies. This model involves vertical industries not using licensed frequencies established by the government but rather choosing to use unlicensed frequencies to develop 5G technology for their own use. The implementation of this model is expected to encourage the optimization of regulation for Spectrum Usage Fee in 5G private network technology owned by the government, providing opportunities for vertical industries to develop 5G technology on private networks independently without relying on existing MNOs. This can stimulate innovation and technological progress in Indonesia to support Industry 4.0.

4G LTE network planning included coverage planning and capacity planning. This research used existing Transceiver Network Base Station (BTS), the utilization of existing BTS in a plan to reduce the cost in terms of infrastructure and applications. The results of the research planning coverage using Frequency Reuse 1 were transmit power value −67.28 dBm and −67.53 dBm, the signal strength value 14.6 dB and 13.89. Capacity planning through simulation user in a rural area connected to the user obtained eNode B was 98.2% and not connected to the user obtained eNode B was 95.2%. Researchers used Software Planning Tool to gather the result.