Background: The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire is a widely recognized and used self-reporting instrument designed to measure a person’s satisfaction with various aspects of their job, as well as to provide comparative values regarding general satisfaction and its components. Objective: This study first aimed to test and validate the psychometric properties of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire–Short Form (MSQ-SF). Its second objective was to assess the job satisfaction levels of employees working within the organization and the factors influencing job satisfaction. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study analyzed the responses of 435 hospital staff members using the Romanian version of the MSQ-20 scale. Results: Exploratory Factor Analysis identified a three-factor structure: Task Enrichment, Autonomy Satisfaction, and Supervisory Relationships. The three-factor model with eight MSQ items discarded provided an excellent statistical fit. The MSQ-SF with a 20-item questionnaire has excellent Internal Consistency, with a Cronbach alpha of 0.935, 95% CI (0.926–0.944). Conclusions: The Romanian version of the MSQ-20 has excellent construct validity and consistency, and it provides reliable and comparable data on the health of the workforce.