This study aims to purify water from hazardous dyes and for this purpose, a novel adsorbent is developed that was synthesized by using sodium alginate, guar gum and iron coated activated alumina (SA@GG@ICAA Composites) with the Ion Gelation Method. The novel composites were characterized by using SEM, XRD, DSC, FTIR, BET, EDX, zeta potential and zeta sizer. These novel composites were used for the removal of Direct Blue 86 (DB86). The surface area of the adsorbent was found to be 5.606 m²/g. Zeta size and zeta potential was found to be 169.9 nm and −47.7 mV, respectively. Optimized parameters were achieved for best adsorption of the selected dye. For DB86, the removal efficiency was found to be 97% at 40 ppm (dye concentration), 150 min (contact time), 3 (pH) and 150 mg (adsorbent concentration) at λmax of 620 nm. Linear and non-linear forms of adsorption isotherms are applied on the experimental data to check the adsorption methodology and its chemistry. The non-linear form of the Freundlich isotherm was found to be best fitted for the current work (0.942) as compared with the linear form (0.76). The first order kinetics model and second order kinetics model are applied in both linear and non-linear forms, and results with a high R² value were obtained for the non-linear form of pseudo-first order kinetics. The adsorption mechanism was found to be electrostatic based on the interaction of the adsorbent and dye. Synthesized adsorbent can be successfully applied for the removal of DB86 dye from waste water.

Nanoherbicides are articulated by exploiting the prospective of nanotechnology for effectively delivering chemical and biological herbicides using nanomaterial‐based herbicide combinations. The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction and FT-IR. On the targeted weeds, the nanoherbicides were sprayed at the third to fourth leaf stage. Six different doses were applied. The mortality and visual injury caused by both chitosan-based nanoherbicides reached 100% at the recommended dose of standard herbicide. The 5-fold lower dose exhibited weed density and maximum wheat yield and related parameters. For the same traits, the nanoherbicide at 10-fold lower dose of commercial herbicides showed a comparable influence as the suggested dose. The size of both herbicides was found to be 35–65 nm. It was observed that the clodinofop-propargyl nanoherbicide has an intense peak appearing at a 2 θ value of 29.83°, corresponding to the (176) plane of the anatase phase and NPs of fenoxaprop- P -ethyl showed an intense peak around the 2 θ value of 30.55° corresponding to the (74) plane of the anatase phase. The FT-IR spectra of fenoxaprop- P -ethyl clearly showed that the major functional groups were located in the FT-IR region between 610 and 1,840 cm ⁻¹ and the major functional ones of clodinofop propargyl were located in the FT-IR region between 640 and 1,740 cm ⁻¹ . Nanoherbicides could restore the efficacy of conventional herbicides by improving stability and reducing toxicity.

Environmental sustainability appraisal of adsorption for exclusion of the malachite green toxic dye was the center of attention in this work. The influenced goals were to analyze the consequences of novel composites fabricated by sodium alginate with guar gum and birm (SA@GG@B composites) by ion gelation. This work not only explains the feasibility of the sorbent and its application for the removal of dye stuff but also proclaimed various effects of different parameters affecting the removal efficiency. Adsorption processes were carried out in the batch process. The composite was characterized by SEM, which revealed that the irregular surface of composites has pores present for high adsorption, FTIR (for functional groups detection) reveals the presence of –OH group which provides attachment sites for dye, and BET (surface analysis) with a surface area of 5.01 m²/g shows that it has a wide surface area for greater adsorption process. Adsorption was performed on synthetic composites by varying different parameters like contact time, the concentration of sorbent and sorbate, and pH. Maximum adsorption was achieved (92.7%) at 100 ppm initial concentration, 120 min interaction time, and pH 9. Adsorption isotherms (Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubnin, and Elvoich isotherm) were applied in this work and evaluated the adsorption phenomenon and nature of adsorption. Freundlich adsorption capacity K_F (9.45) reveals effective adsorption of dye by the proposed adsorbent. The kinetics models show that it was better with the pseudo-second-order reaction. Effective removal of malachite green by synthesized composites reveals their importance for the industrial water purification from hazardous dyes.

Article Erratum to “Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of nanoparticles of clodinofop propargyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was published on January 1, 2023 in the journal Green Processing and Synthesis (volume 12, issue 1).