Due to its high theoretical specific capacity, a silicon anode is one of the candidates for realizing high energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, problems related to bulk silicon (e.g., low intrinsic conductivity and massive volume expansion) limit the performance of silicon anodes. In this work, to improve the performance of silicon anodes, a vertically aligned n-type silicon nanowire array (n-SiNW) was fabricated using a well-controlled, top-down nano-machining technique by combining photolithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) at a cryogenic temperature. The array of nanowires ~1 µm in diameter and with the aspect ratio of ~10 was successfully prepared from commercial n-type silicon wafer. The half-cell LIB with free-standing n-SiNW electrode exhibited an initial Coulombic efficiency of 91.1%, which was higher than the battery with a blank n-silicon wafer electrode (i.e., 67.5%). Upon 100 cycles of stability testing at 0.06 mA cm⁻², the battery with the n-SiNW electrode retained 85.9% of its 0.50 mAh cm⁻² capacity after the pre-lithiation step, whereas its counterpart, the blank n-silicon wafer electrode, only maintained 61.4% of 0.21 mAh cm⁻² capacity. Furthermore, 76.7% capacity retention can be obtained at a current density of 0.2 mA cm⁻², showing the potential of n-SiNW anodes for high current density applications. This work presents an alternative method for facile, high precision, and high throughput patterning on a wafer-scale to obtain a high aspect ratio n-SiNW, and its application in LIBs.

This paper presents a comprehensive design methodology and mechanical evaluation of an electric motorcycle battery pack that fulfills both international safety standards and Indonesian regulations. As the country with the world’s largest motorcycle fleet, Indonesia faces significant challenges in transitioning to electric mobility—particularly in preventing battery malfunctions and mitigating accident risks. The design process begins by defining minimum technical requirements, ensuring regulatory compliance, and addressing geometric constraints, then proceed with the development of component architectures in accordance with industry best practices. Detailed models of the pack and its subassemblies are subjected to finite element analysis to verify structural integrity under demanding operational conditions. Key performance targets include an IP68 ingress protection rating, sufficient rigidity to withstand vibrational loads, and impact resistance for accident scenarios. Simulation results confirm that the final design maintains mechanical robustness across a variety of load cases. Building on these findings, the paper offers specific recommendations to further enhance pack performance and safety. The described methodology is fully reproducible and provides practical insights for efficient product development, even when resources are limited.