Photo-fermentation is an efficient hydrogen production pathway in which purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) play an active role and produce hydrogen as a part of their metabolism under optimal conditions. These bacteria work under the influence of light to advance their metabolism and use various substrates, such as simple sugars and volatile fatty acids, to produce hydrogen. This article presents a comparative review of several bacterial strains that have been efficiently used to produce hydrogen by photo-fermentation under different optimized conditions, including the substrate, its concentration, type and capacity of the bioreactor, light sources and intensities, and process conditions to achieve the maximum biohydrogen production rate. The analysis showed that the Rhodopseudomonas palustris is the main bacterium used for hydrogen production, with a maximum hydrogen production rate of 3.2 mM/h using 27.8 mM of glucose in a 165 mL serum bottle and 3.23 mM/h using 50 mM of glycerol at pH 7, followed by Rhodobacter sphaeroides, which gave a hydrogen production rate as high as 8.7 mM/h, using 40 mM of lactic acid, pH 7, and 30 °C temperature in a single-walled glass bioreactor. However, it is not preferred over R. palustris due to its versatile metabolism and ability to use an alternative mode if the conditions are not carefully adjusted, which can be a problem in hydrogen production.