In order to determine the current status of milking characteristics, hygiene and health protection practices in Saanen goat farms in Turkey, data were obtained from 92 farms through surveys in Çanakkale province. The farms are grouped according to the number of animals as small-scale (25–75 heads), medium-scale (76–150 heads) and large-scale (151 and overheads). As a result of the data observed, it has been seen that the majority of the farms (63.04%) had primary education and only 8.69% had education at the university level. While 44 farms have a milking machine or milking system in their farms, the other 48 farms use the hand milking. The 72.8% of the farms stated that they did not receive any training on milking hygiene and milking machines. Breast diseases are among the most common health problems in the farms (61.9%), followed by, digestive system diseases (8.6%), bacterial diseases (5.4%), foot diseases (2.1%) and viral diseases (4.3%), respectively. The prevalence of mastitis which is the leading cause of breast disease differs statistically in terms of scale (p < .05). In this period, the scale of the farms increased and the use of machine milking became widespread in dairy goat farms. Considering that Saanen breed goats, which have high milk yield, are also sensitive to diseases and are delicate breeds, it is important for the farmers to be educated and informed about breeding, herd management, and milking hygiene practices in order to increase milk production and quality and to prevent economic losses.

Türkiye’de 2018 yılı itibariyle toplam kırmızı et üretiminin %89,73’ünü (1.003.859 ton) sığır eti oluşturmaktadır. Sığır besiciliğinde maliyeti oluşturan masraf unsurları içerisinde besi materyali ve yem başta gelmektedir. Son yıllarda artan nüfus ve talep düzeyine bağlı olarak piyasada oluşan kırmızı et arz açığı başta kasaplık-besilik hayvan ve karkas et ithalatına gidilmesine yol açmıştır. 2016-2018 yılları arasındaki 3 yıllık dönemde kasaplık ve besilik sığır ithalatı sırasıyla 257.131 baş ve 1.972.224 baş olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Yapılan bu ithalatın değeri 2.448.225.330 USD (9.044.379.646 TL) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Besiciler üzerinde son dönemde artan üretim maliyetleri ile gümrük vergisi avantajıyla yurtiçine giren ithal kasaplık hayvan ve ete bağlı olarak yıkıcı bir rekabet ortamı ve fiyat baskısı oluşmuştur. Diğer taraftan sığır besi işletmelerinin karlılık düzeyleri azalmış ve sektörel sürdürülebilirlik olumsuz yönde etkilenmiştir. Son 2 yılda yaklaşık 20 bin sığır besi işletmesi kapanmış veya faaliyetini durdurmuştur. Türkiye genelinde 264.230 adet sığır besi işletmesi mevcut olup, bu işletmelerin %64,02’si 10 başın altında hayvana sahip küçük ölçekli işletmelerdir. Sığır besiciliğinde 50 baş ve üzeri işletmelerin toplam işletmeler içerisindeki payı ise sadece %5,07’dir. Buna karşın büyük ölçekli olarak sınıflandırılan bu işletmeler 1.532.564 baş sığır varlığı ile besi sığırlarının %38,41’ine sahip bulunmaktadır. Sığır besiciliğinde üretim maliyetleri üzerinde etkili olan başlıca faktörler arasında besi süresi, hayvanın menşei, kullanılan ırkın verim özellikleri, günlük canlı ağırlık artışı, yem rasyon içeriği, yem hammadde fiyatlarındaki değişim, döviz kurundaki dalgalanmalar, besi performansı ve karkas randımanı, işletme girdilerinin dönemsel tutarı, hastalık ve ölüm oranları gibi unsurlar yer almaktadır. Sektörde üretimin sürdürülebilirliği açısından uygun fiyat ve kalitede yem ile besi materyali tedariki başta olmak üzere sığır besi işletmelerinde maliyet minimizasyonu amacıyla gerekli önlemlerin alınması, işletmelerin sınıflandırılarak desteklenmesi yanı sıra kârlı ve optimum ölçekte faaliyet göstermeleri için uygun piyasa koşullarının sağlanması, perakende et satış fiyatları üzerinden üreticiye aktarılan marjın artırılması ve pazarlama zincirindeki aracı sayısının azaltılarak tüketici için daha uygun fiyattan et satın alabilecekleri bir piyasanın temin edilmesi önem taşımaktadır.

This study aimed to determine the heterogeneity that exists in water buffalo husbandry systems in Marmara Region, Turkey. A questionnaire containing a total of 60 indicators was submitted to 52 farmers. A Principal Component Analysis was performed to reduce original variables into a simplified and latent structure, which was characterized by six orthogonal components: milk productivity, economic efficiency, roughage management, dual-purpose farming, concentrate supply, and fodder production. An ANOVA model was applied to the six components to investigate the effects of the province, investment levels, grazing type, milk production, and profitability. Differences in milk productivity, roughage management, concentrate supply, and fodder management were significant according to the province and grazing type, which indicated a difference in intensification levels among the cities. Economic efficiency and dual-purpose farming differed significantly for milk production levels as well as milk productivity, and economic efficiency differed for profitability levels. We found a tendency regarding the impact of roughage management on profitability. The results conclude that profitability was associated with improving the milking traits of buffaloes and roughage management of the farms.

As native bovine whey (WHEY) poses environmental concerns as a high-water-content by-product, this trial aimed at assessing the effectiveness of a thermal–mechanical microparticulation coupled with a fermentative process to concentrate it into a high-protein soft dairy cream. Compared to native whey, in microparticulated (MPW) and fermented (FMPW) matrices, there was a significant increase in proteins (from 0.7 to 8.8%) and lipids (from 0.3 to 1.3%), and a more brilliant yellowness colour. A factorial discriminant analysis (FDA) showed that FMPW had a higher content of saturated fatty acid (SFA) and some specific polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) n-6, and also identified C14:0, C18:1, C18:1 t-11, C18:2 n-6, and C18:3 n-6 as informative biomarkers of microparticulation and fermentative treatments. The SDS-PAGE indicated no effects on the protein profile but indicated its rearrangement into high molecular weight aggregates. Z-sizer and transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed a different supramolecular structure corresponding to a higher variability and greater incidence of very large molecular aggregates, suggesting that MPW could be accounted as a colloidal matrix that may have similar ball-bearing lubrication properties. Microparticulation of whey could facilitate its circularity into the dairy supply chain through its re-generation from a waste into a high-value fat replacer for dairy-based food production.

The aim of this study is to determine the cost of goat milk in Saanen goat enterprises in Çanakkale province and to examine the factors affecting profitability in enterprises. The material of the study consists of 92 Saanen goat enterprises. The enterprises have been grouped according to their animal density; as 25-75 heads (small-scale), 76-150 heads (medium-scale) and 151 heads and above (large-scale). The findings of the enterprises for 2017 were determined by descriptive statistics, and multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors affecting the total profitability of the enterprises. Since feed costs represented 46.22% of total production cost, it was followed by labour costs (27.19%), fuel costs (5.44%) and veterinarian-health service costs (5.19%). The cost of 1 L milk and absolute profit in enterprises was determined as 0.42/0.01 $/kg in small-scale, 0.41/0.02 $/kg in medium-scale and 0.38/0.05 $/kg in large-scale enterprises, respectively. It was observed that the share of inputs in enterprises generally decreases as the scale of the enterprise increases and large-scale enterprises were found to be more successful in solving technical, health and economic problems.