Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders affect millions of people worldwide, with a significant proportion experiencing drug-resistant forms where conventional medications fail to provide adequate seizure control. This abstract delves into recent advancements and innovative therapies aimed at addressing the complex challenge of CNS-related drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) management. The idea of precision medicine has opened up new avenues for epilepsy treatment. Herbs such as curcumin, ginkgo biloba, panax ginseng, bacopa monnieri, ashwagandha, and rhodiola rosea influence the BDNF pathway through various mechanisms. These include the activation of CREB, inhibition of NF-κB, modulation of neurotransmitters, reduction of oxidative stress, and anti- inflammatory effects. By promoting BDNF expression and activity, these herbs support neuroplasticity, cognitive function, and overall neuronal health. Novel antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) with distinct mechanisms of action demonstrate efficacy in refractory cases where traditional medications falter. Additionally, repurposing existing drugs for antiepileptic purposes presents a cost-effective strategy to broaden therapeutic choices. Cannabidiol (CBD), derived from cannabis herbs, has garnered attention for its anticonvulsant properties, offering a potential adjunctive therapy for refractory seizures. In conclusion, recent advances and innovative therapies represent a multifaceted approach to managing drug-resistant epilepsy. Leveraging precision medicine, neurostimulation technologies, novel pharmaceuticals, and complementary therapies, clinicians can optimize treatment outcomes and improve the life expectancy of patients living with refractory seizures. Genetic testing and biomarker identification now allow for personalized therapeutic approaches tailored to individual patient profiles. Utilizing next-generation sequencing techniques, researchers have elucidated genetic mutations.

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are progressive disorders marked by neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive or motor decline. Oxidative stress and chronic neuroinflammation are key drivers in their pathology. In AD, β-amyloid plaques and tau hyperphosphorylation cause mitochondrial damage and ROS overproduction, while PD involves dopaminergic neuronal loss due to oxidative damage. Elevated cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 further worsen neuronal injury. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), a nutrient-rich cyanobacterium, is gaining attention as a neuroprotective nutraceutical. Its bioactive compounds-C-phycocyanin, β-carotene, tocopherols, and γ-linolenic acid-exhibit strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Preclinical studies show spirulina enhances antioxidant enzymes, lowers lipid peroxidation, and improves cognitive performance. This review analyzed preclinical and clinical studies from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science focusing on spirulina’s effects in AD and PD models. Spirulina reduced oxidative markers (MDA, NO), increased antioxidant enzymes (GPx, SOD), downregulated pro-apoptotic genes (caspase-3, Bax), and upregulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. It also inhibited NF-κB signalling and reduced inflammatory cytokines. A clinical trial in AD patients reported significant MMSE score improvements with spirulina supplementation. Advanced delivery systems like spirulina-loaded nanoparticles and niosomes enhanced its bioavailability and neuroprotective effects in animal models. Overall, spirulina shows promise in mitigating neurodegeneration by targeting oxidative stress and inflammation. Despite encouraging results, larger clinical trials are needed to confirm its therapeutic potential as a safe, effective nutraceutical for neurodegenerative diseases.

Plant-powered nanotechnologies integrate the concepts of biological engineering and green synthesis to produce safe and environmentally friendly nanoparticles that address environmental and public health issues. Biological production, meanwhile, is a safe, biodegradable, as well as a sustainable method to create nanoparticles. Tabernaemontana divaricate, Calotropis gigantea (L.), Passiflora caerulea, Acorus calamus (rhizome), Cucurbita maxima (petals), Moringa oleifera (leaves), Piper nigrum, Ziziphus Spina Christi, Eucalyptus globulus, and Ziziphus oenoplia, etc., plants were among the medicinal flora used in the biological synthesis of Silver and Zinc oxide. Initially, phytochemical testing, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy were employed to characterize the greensynthesized Zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles. These medicinal floras have proven tremendous potential in the development of nanoparticles for several purposes in medicine, cosmeceuticals, food science and technology, water treatment and purification, environmental cleanup, and agriculture. This review paper highlights the characteristics of biologically produced Zinc oxide and Silver Nanoparticles and investigates the broad spectrum of plants that can be utilized in a single-phase, rapid protocol preparation approach that prioritizes green principles over conventional ones. These biologically friendly silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles have the potential to be very useful in the field of biomedicine, agriculture, cosmetics, water treatment, food science and technology, and the energy sector. The biomedicinal applications of green synthesised nanoparticles are particularly intriguing, with potential in drug delivery, bioimaging, antibacterial treatments, anti-Leishmanial properties, and cancer therapy. Compared to previous approaches, these nanoparticles provide benefits in terms of controlled administration, less toxicity, and increased therapeutic effectiveness. Future studies must concentrate on the development of affordable, non-hazardous, ecologically safe, and self-degradable nanoparticles to aid in the commercialisation of nanotechnology in agriculture, food, healthcare, and energy.

A family of peptides known as bioactive peptides has unique physiological properties and may be used to improve human health and prevent illness. Because bioactive peptides impact the immunological, endocrine, neurological, and cardiovascular systems, they have drawn a lot of interest from researchers. According to recent studies, bioactive peptides have a lot to offer in the treatment of inflammation, neuronal regeneration, localized ischemia, and the blood-brain barrier. It investigates various peptide moieties, including antioxidative properties, immune response modulation, and increased blood-brain barrier permeability. It also looks at how well they work as therapeutic candidates and finds promising peptide-based strategies for better outcomes. Furthermore, it underscores the need for further studies to support their clinical utility and suggests that results from such investigations will enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions. In order to understand recent advances in BPs and to plan future research, academic researchers and industrial partners will find this review article to be a helpful resource.

Heart failure remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating continuous advancements in management strategies to improve patient outcomes. This review aimed to elucidate the current scenario of heart failure and its management in the modern era, focusing on integrating medical therapy and implantable device interventions. According to guidelines, medical treatment remains the primary method of treating heart failure. Such medications include ACE inhibitors, neprilysin-angiotensin receptor inhibitors, beta-blockers, angiotensin II receptor blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and blockers of sodium-glucose co-transporter- 2. These pharmacologic agents have demonstrated efficacy in decreasing mortality and morbidity in patients. The advent of implantable devices has revolutionized treatment, providing substantial benefits in specific patient populations. Cardiac resynchronization therapy has emerged as a pivotal intervention for patients with reduced ejection fraction and dyssynchronous ventricular contraction, effectively enhancing cardiac function and quality of life. Furthermore, left bundle branch area pacing improvements provide fascinating alternatives to traditional cardiac resynchronization therapy. The essential significance of device-based therapies is further highlighted by the function of implanted cardioverter-defibrillators in preventing unexpected cardiac deaths in high-risk patients. Furthermore, integrating remote monitoring technologies and novel device innovations continues to enhance the precision and efficacy of heart failure management. This review comprehensively examines current guidelines and evidence supporting the use of these therapies, addressing their synergistic potential and the practical considerations for their implementation, while synthesizing recent advancements in pharmacologic and device-based interventions.

The therapeutic potential of herbal and natural compounds has long been recognized; meanwhile, the role of these compounds in neuropharmacology is gaining increasing attention due to their promising biochemical effects. The rising prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and depression, has underscored the need for novel, effective treatments with minimal side effects. Notably, natural products derived from plants, fungi, and other organisms offer a vast array of bioactive molecules that can interact with neuronal pathways to modulate cognitive function, neuroprotection, and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, recent advancements in neuropharmacology have revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of herbal compounds, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids, in mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuroinflammation. Moreover, these compounds have shown promise in enhancing neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including high-throughput screening, metabolomics, and molecular docking, has facilitated the discovery of novel natural neuroprotective agents. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and nanotechnology are transforming the use of phytobioactive compounds in modern neuropharmacology by enabling precise prediction of molecular targets, optimizing drug-likeness, and enhancing mechanistic understanding. Additionally, nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanoemulsions, are improving the brain delivery, stability, and bioavailability of plant-derived molecules that traditionally suffer from poor pharmacokinetics. Together, these technologies can accelerate the development of next-generation neuroprotective therapeutics from natural products with greater efficiency, specificity, and translational potential. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest biochemical innovations in herbal and natural compounds for neuropharmacology, emphasizing the potential of these compounds as safe and effective alternatives or adjuncts to conventional neurotherapeutics.