Introduction: Epilepsy is characterized by having two or more unprovoked seizures. Understanding the pathogenesis of epilepsy, requires deep investigation into the molecular mechanisms. This helps develop diagnostic techniques, treatments, and pharmacotherapy. It also enhances precision medicine and individualized treatment processes. This article reviews all the molecular mechanisms predisposing to epileptogenesis, presents the current diagnostic techniques and drug therapy, and suggests future perspectives in treating Epilepsy in a more comprehensive and holistic approach. Methodology: Four authors searched keywords concerning epilepsy at a molecular level, Epilepsy diagnostic techniques and technologies, and antiepileptic drug therapy and precision medicine. Separate search strategies were conducted for each concern and retrieved articles were reviewed for relevant results. Results: The traditional diagnostic techniques for Epilepsy and its pathogenesis are insufficient in highlighting dynamic brain changes. For this, emerging technologies including genetic sequencing and profiling, and functional neuroimaging techniques are prevailing. Concerning treatment, the current approach focuses on managing symptoms and stopping seizures using antiseizure medications. However, their usage is limited by developing resistance to such drugs. Some therapies show promise, although most antiseizure drugs do not prevent epilepsy. Discussion: Understanding epileptogenesis at a molecular and genetic level aids in developing new antiepileptic pharmacotherapy. The aim is to develop therapies that could prevent seizures or modify disease course, decreasing the severity and avoiding drug resistance. Gene therapy and precision medicine are promising but applications are limited due to the heterogeneity in studying the Epileptic brain, dynamically. The dynamic investigation of the epileptic brain with its comorbidities works hand‐in‐hand with precision medicine, in developing personalized treatment plans.

Introduction: Sleep is an important neurophysiological condition that is intricately linked to general health, laying the basis for both physiological and psychological well‐being. A thorough examination of sleep disorders and cardiovascular health demonstrates their deep relationship, emphasizing the numerous diagnostic tools and treatment techniques available.Aim: This study aims to examine the impact, mechanisms, diagnostic techniques, treatment strategies, implications, and healthcare interventions of the sleep‐cardiovascular connection, to better understand the relationship between sleep disorders and cardiovascular health.Methods: The paper reviews key studies conducted from 2015‐till date, investigating the impact of sleep disorders on the cardiovascular system. It looked into data relating to cardiovascular outcomes based on the degree of sleep disorders, considered potential confounding factors, and addressed current research constraints.Results: The findings highlight a strong link between sleep problems and poor cardiovascular outcomes. Emerging diagnostic tools, such as enhanced sleep‐related technology and biomarkers, open up new avenues for determining the impact of sleep disturbances on cardiovascular health. In addition, the research discusses several treatment options, ranging from cognitive behavioral therapy to pharmaceutical therapies, and their potential benefits in addressing sleep‐related cardiovascular risks.Conclusion: The complex association between sleep disturbances and cardiovascular health emphasizes the need to recognize sleep as a critical component of overall well‐being. Thus collaboration among medical disciplines, as well as individualized therapies, are critical to improving patient care. Moreover, Understanding and managing the consequences of sleep problems on cardiovascular health can lead to more effective interventions, better outcomes, and improved public health as research advances.

Background: Surgical care in the continent of Africa encounters a wide array of issues, comprising a lack of access to emergency and essential surgery. Optimal pre-, peri-, and post-operative care is guided by the four pillars of medical ethics: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. This may not be the case for low-resource domiciles as issues circumventing low literacy levels, poor infrastructure, poverty, and inequities in social health are cumbersome. Moreover, there is no homogeneity in the cultures and religious diversity that Africa has to offer which has led to a variety of healthcare decisions being made alongside an influence on the relationships developed between patients and their healthcare providers. Objectives: This study aims to address the influences of diverse cultural and religious backgrounds in ethical decision-making in African surgical care. Moreover, the study suggests strategies for mitigating diversity issues through developing environment-based protocols that promote ethically acceptable and culturally sensitive local surgical care. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to explore the present state of surgical care in Africa alongside the ethical principles guiding surgical care and cultural/religious considerations that may affect healthcare decisions when establishing patient-provider rapport. The databases used are PubMed/MEDLINE and EBSCOhost. Our search terms were “surgical care,” “ethical consideration,” “Africa,” and “culture and religion in Africa.” This enabled us to meticulously look into the existing findings to develop suggestions based on the gaps. Result: The literature review demonstrated the complex interplay between moral principles, cultural and religious outlooks, and surgical care provision in Africa. Some of the strategies found useful in this case are strengthening health systems, resources adequacy alongside context-based directives as well as capacity building. Additionally, cultural understanding, active listening and appreciation of diversity is critical since patients will receive culturally competent care and minimize chances for medical errors. Conclusion: Tackling Ethical challenges in African surgical care requires multiple approaches that accommodate religion’s diverse culture. To do this, healthcare workers must cooperate with community members and policymakers to develop policies for ethically and culturally acceptable surgical approaches. Further research is warranted to evaluate the efficacy of these interventions.

Background: Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Time is the single most critical factor in the management of patients presenting with AIS, where re-opening of occluded blood vessels is paramount. Intra-arterial thrombolysis (IAT) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) are two such therapies employed to reestablish cerebrovascular blood flow in patients with AIS. This review compares both IAT and MT according to their efficacy, safety profiles, recanalization rates, clinical outcomes, and adverse procedural events. Methods: Study abstraction from electronic search databases comprising PubMed/MEDLINE, ResearchGate, and the National Library of Medicine was used. Screening and selection of relevant articles were comprehensively conducted for this review. Direct comparisons between IAT and MT in terms of variables including recanalization rates, clinical outcomes, and adverse procedural events were warranted for study inclusion. Research determined to exhibit insufficient data or without comparable groups were subsequently excluded. Results: MT was prompter when executing procedures than IAT, achieving greater rates of recanalization. Both interventions displayed similar results regarding rates of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and mortality. Despite current available data indicating MT to demonstrate more efficiency as a procedure, further research is needed to examine IAT in light of specific patient demographics, clinical presentation, and circumstances. Conclusion: This review elucidated that MT often takes less time peri-procedurally, achieving greater success in revascularization compared with that of IAT. Regarding mortality and sICH rates, IAT and MT comparison showed equivocal results. Thus, while making therapeutic decisions, it is important to consider the unique clinical features of each patient as well as the timing of interventions in order to maximize treatment outcomes.