Introduction: Epilepsy is characterized by having two or more unprovoked seizures. Understanding the pathogenesis of epilepsy, requires deep investigation into the molecular mechanisms. This helps develop diagnostic techniques, treatments, and pharmacotherapy. It also enhances precision medicine and individualized treatment processes. This article reviews all the molecular mechanisms predisposing to epileptogenesis, presents the current diagnostic techniques and drug therapy, and suggests future perspectives in treating Epilepsy in a more comprehensive and holistic approach. Methodology: Four authors searched keywords concerning epilepsy at a molecular level, Epilepsy diagnostic techniques and technologies, and antiepileptic drug therapy and precision medicine. Separate search strategies were conducted for each concern and retrieved articles were reviewed for relevant results. Results: The traditional diagnostic techniques for Epilepsy and its pathogenesis are insufficient in highlighting dynamic brain changes. For this, emerging technologies including genetic sequencing and profiling, and functional neuroimaging techniques are prevailing. Concerning treatment, the current approach focuses on managing symptoms and stopping seizures using antiseizure medications. However, their usage is limited by developing resistance to such drugs. Some therapies show promise, although most antiseizure drugs do not prevent epilepsy. Discussion: Understanding epileptogenesis at a molecular and genetic level aids in developing new antiepileptic pharmacotherapy. The aim is to develop therapies that could prevent seizures or modify disease course, decreasing the severity and avoiding drug resistance. Gene therapy and precision medicine are promising but applications are limited due to the heterogeneity in studying the Epileptic brain, dynamically. The dynamic investigation of the epileptic brain with its comorbidities works hand‐in‐hand with precision medicine, in developing personalized treatment plans.

Background and Aim: Among the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), heart failure, hypertension, and myocardial infarction are associated with the greatest number of disability‐adjusted life years due to lifestyle changes and the failure of therapeutic approaches, especially the one‐size‐fits‐all interventions. As a result, there has been advances in defining genetic variants responsible for different responses to cardiovascular drugs such as antiplatelets, anticoagulants, statins, and beta‐blockers, which has led to their usage in guiding treatment plans. This study comprehensively reviews the current state‐of‐the‐art potential of pharmacogenomics in dramatically altering CVD treatment. It stresses the applicability of pharmacogenomic technology, the threats associated with its adoption in the clinical setting, and proffers relevant solutions.Methods: Literature search strategies were used to retrieve articles from various databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCOhost. Articles with information relevant to pharmacogenomics, DNA variants, cardiovascular diseases, sequencing techniques, and drug responses were reviewed and analyzed.Results: DNA‐based technologies such as next generation sequencing, whole genome sequencing, whole exome sequencing, and targeted segment sequencing can identify variants in the human genome. This has played a substantial role in identifying different genetic variants governing the poor response and adverse effects associated with cardiovascular drugs. Thus, this has reduced patients' number of emergency visits and hospitalization.Conclusion: Despite the emergence of pharmacogenomics, its implementation has been threatened by factors including patient compliance and a low adoption rate by clinicians. Education and training programs targeting both healthcare professionals and patients should be established to increase the acceptance and application of the emerging pharmacogenomic technologies in reducing the burden of CVDs.

Although diloxanide is a drug of choice for treating asymptomatic amoebiasis, its mechanism of action (MOA) remains unclear. This review aims to shed light on the current understanding of the effectiveness and MOA of diloxanide in treating amoebiasis . It involves analysis of articles, retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar and EBSCOhost, on diloxanide and the treatment of Entamoeba histolytica infection. Diloxanide is used in an ester form, which allows its high luminal concentration and greater efficacy than metronidazole in the management of asymptomatic amoebiasis. The current understanding of the action of diloxanide is based on its structural similarity to chloramphenicol at dichloroacetamide group. It acts against protein synthesis in E. histolytica trophozoites, blocking their conversion to more virulent and invasive cyst forms. Furthermore, it has a parasite clearance rate of 81–96% and treats amoebic abscesses when combined with metronidazole and chloroquine. Nevertheless, it is associated with adverse events such as flatulence, anorexia, headache and urticaria. Diloxanide is efficacious against amoebiasis but there is a need to explore its structure–activity relationship.The study suggests future directions, including novel drug formulations, diagnostic improvements, and combination regimens to enhance treatment outcomes and mitigate relapse associated with the use of diloxanide.

Background and Aim: The discipline of pharmacogenomics (PGx) studies the influence of genetic diversity on drug response, bringing the potential to personalized treatment and reduction of adverse effects. Although PGx integration into healthcare is progressing at a global scale, its implementation in Africa faces unique challenges and opportunities. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the status of PGx in Africa, outlining the challenges to its integration into healthcare systems and highlighting available opportunities for improving personalized medicine across the continent. Methods: A narrative review was conducted by retrieving relevant literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, and websites for African health agencies. The search identified 91 records, of which duplicates were removed. Thereafter, 58 papers underwent full‐text evaluation resulting in 39 relevant articles and policy reports. Articles were considered based on their relevance to the objectives of this review and publication year range (2020–2025). Studies without full text, focusing on continents other than Africa, or published outside the defined period were excluded. Results: Significant challenges hinder PGx integration in Africa. Technical barriers include inadequate laboratory infrastructure, insufficient sequencing capacity, and underrepresentation in genomic studies globally. Policy challenges include the absence of context‐specific regulatory frameworks, and data security measures, while socioeconomic barriers entail limited research funding and low public awareness. Besides, emerging digital health infrastructure, especially mobile health tools, brings innovative pathways for PGx adoption. Additionally, local disease priorities such as malaria, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis provide clear targets for impactful PGx research. Regional and diaspora partnerships are building capacity, biobanks, and knowledge‐sharing platforms. Conclusion: Africa's path to PGx integration requires coordinated strategies that combine policy adoption, education, research equity, and sustainable investment. With continental collaboration, PGx promises to improve health systems and enhance treatment outcomes in Africa. Clinical Trial Number: Not Applicable.

Artificial intelligence is transforming the pharmaceutical sector through improvement in critical processes such as quality assurance (QA). However, in Kenya, technical problems in QA processes, including in‐process quality control, equipment maintenance, and visual inspections exist. This paper aims to shed light on the potential of AI in improving pharmaceutical QA in Kenya and challenges associated with its integration. A literature search was thoroughly conducted by retrieving articles from Google Scholar. Articles and policy documents with information relevant to AI applications in QA, optimising pharmaceutical processes, and regulatory compliance in Kenya were reviewed and analysed. AI can improve efficiency and precision in various QA processes including warehousing, equipment maintenance, in‐process quality control, and visual inspections, among others. Significant challenges to AI incorporation in QA of Kenya's pharma companies include a lack of technical expertise and understanding of AI outcomes, high implementation costs and fear of losing jobs. There should be strengthened collaborations among government, pharmaceutical manufacturers, AI companies, and researchers to address skill‐based barriers and financial challenges.

Background and Aim: Africa imports over 70% of its medicines and 90% of its vaccines. This situation makes the citizens vulnerable to medicine shortages and increased risk of substandard and counterfeit drugs. This article provides insights into the significance of African youth in tackling key challenges affecting local pharma industry.Methods: A literature review was conducted throughout September 2024 by retrieving articles from Google Scholar. Articles relevant to the aim of the study were snowballed, reviewed, analyzed, and considered during the preparation of this article.Results: African youth possess fresh energy, minds, and innovative skills, which are indispensable for the development of local pharmaceutical sector. They are capable of utilizing artificial intelligence, which can advance critical processes in the African pharma industry including research and development (R&D) as well as quality assurance. Nevertheless, inadequate access to education, training, and mentorship opportunities hinder their involvement.Conclusion: Established partnerships among local and international pharma industries, African universities, and other relevant stakeholders are essential to meaningful involvement of youth in the local pharma sector.