Mad honey or rhododendron honey containing grayanotoxins possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was planned to evaluate the effects of topical application of mad honey on wound healing in diabetic rats. Dorsal skin wounds were created under anesthesia in male Wistar albino rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus randomly divided into three groups (each n = 28). Group I received topical 0.09% saline solution, Group II received terramycin, and Group III received mad honey. Wound tissues were collected after decapitation on days 3, 7, 14, or 19 post-wounding. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase were determined using quantitative methods. Gene expressions of the inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and of the anti-inflammatory marker interleukin-10 (IL-10) were analyzed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Wound tissues were also subjected to histopathological examination. Significantly lower MDA levels and TNF-α and MMP-9 expression, and increased antioxidant enzyme activities and IL-10 expression were observed in the mad honey group (Group III) compared with Group I. These parameters exhibited similar changes in Group II compared with Group I. In conclusion, the topical use of mad honey improves the healing of diabetic wounds in examined rats.

Objective: High-fat foods increase adipose tissue size, and induce obesity. Although carbonic anhydrase III is abundantly found in brown adipose tissue, its function is not fully defined. In this study, we investigated the relationship between carbonic anhydrase III enzyme mRNA expression and malondialdehyde, oxidative stress marker, in brown adipose tissue of rats that were fed high-fat diets. In addition, we investigated potential effect of N-acetylcysteine as an antioxidant in this relationship. Methods: In our study three experimental groups were formed and each contained 6 rats (control, obese, and antioxidant groups). The experimental groups were fed for a duration of 85 days with high fat diets. In these groups, carbonic anhydrase III mRNA expression, total carbonic anhydrase hydratase activitie, and malondialdehyde levels were measured in brown adipose tissues dissected from rat scapula regions. Results: According to our findings, carbonic anhydrase III mRNA expression was higher in the obese group than in the control group (p = 0.004), and malondialdehyde levels were lower in the obese group than in the control group (p = 0.03). It was observed that carbonic anhydrase III mRNA expression was higher in the antioxidant group than in the control group (p = 0.006), and malondialdehyde levels were lower in the antioxidant group than in the control group (p = 0.006). In addition, in the obese group carbonic anhydrase III mRNA expression was higher than in the antioxidant group (p=0.01). Conclusion: In brown adipose tissue of rats that were fed high-fat diets, this study showed that the carbonic anhydrase III mRNA expression increased and the malondialdehyde level decreased.

Prokaryotlardan ökaryotlara kadar çok geniş bir dağılıma sahip olan karbonik anhidrazlar (CA, E.C.4.2.1.1, karbonat hidroliyaz), bikarbonatın (HCO3-) dehidrasyon veya (CO2) karbodioksitin hidrasyonunu dönüşümlü olarak katalizleyen, aktif bölgesinde prostetik grup olarak Zn2+ içeren metaloenzimlerdir. Bu enzimler CO2 taşınması, dokularda elektrolit salgılanması, kemik resorpsiyonu, tümör oluşumu ve idrar asidifikasyonu gibi birçok fizyolojik süreçte görev almaktadır. Çalışmada yüksek yağlı diyetin de novo lipit sentezinin öncü bileşiği olan HCO3-'ı senteleyen CA aktivitesi üzerine etkilerinin, fare karaciğerinde incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, 16 adet erkek C57BL/6J ırkı fare Research Diets' ten alınan yüksek yağlı ve standart fare yemleri ile beslendi. Dört aylık beslenme periyodunun sonunda farelerin ağırlıkları ölçüldü ve dekapitasyon ile sakrifiye edildi. Karaciğer dokuları homojenize edildikten sonra CA aktiviteleri potansiyometrik metod ile ölçüldü. Standart diyet ile beslenen farelerin CA aktivitesi 0.87±0.26 U/mg protein olarak ölçülürken, Yüksek yağlı diyet grubundaki farelerde ise aktivite 0,60±0,15 U/mg protein olarak bulundu (p=0.038). Sonuç olarak, yüksek yağlı diyet kullanımının de novo lipit sentezinde öncü bileşiği sentezleyen CA aktivitesini fare karaciğerinde azalttığı ve bu azalışa metabolik ve hormonal değişikliklerin sebep olabileceği kanaatine varıldı.

Objective: The aims of study were to investigate effects of both N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an antioxidant) and high fat diet (HFD) to oxidative stress in differently located adipose tissues and the liver. Methods: Our study is created from control, HFD and NAC groups (n=6). Control group was fed with only standard diet. HFD group was fed with only HFD. NAC group was fed with HFD, and additionally that group received NAC (2 g/L). All groups were fed with designated diets for 85 days. Antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione, and malondialdehyde were measured in epididymal, perirenal, subcutaneous adipose tissues, and liver.Results: In the HFD group, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased in perirenal adipose tissue and liver. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities in the HFD group were lower both epididymal and perirenal adipose tissue, whereas glutathione peroxidase activities were lower in subcutaneous and epididymal adipose tissue. Glutathione was lower in liver tissue alone. In subcutan adipose tissue, the glutathione and SOD activities increased due to NAC administration. Conclusion: The present findings showed that oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme profiles were variable in localized adipose tissue in different regions. Thought antioxidant enzyme activities in some tissues increased due to NAC application, these increases were insignificant in terms of oxidant-antioxidant balance.