The “innovative development” of cities has become a priority for the development of the digital economy in the world, which is widely reflected in the official documents of leading international organizations (UN, OECD, European Commission), as well as in scientific research by foreign scientists (Web of Science, Scopus). The article analyzes the problems of teaching trends in innovative development of cities in geographical education. Teaching the geography of cities is closely related to such disciplines as social and economic geography of the World, Economic Geography of Kazakhstan. Therefore, the analysis of trends in the development of cities of the world and the country, the differentiation of the state of the process of urbanization and the inclusion of the main positions in the content of education are among the topical issues of geographical education. In this regard, it is becoming increasingly important to study the trends of innovative development of cities in Kazakhstan, which have become the largest production centers of the country, where the centers of education, culture, a set of natural resources and production facilities are concentrated, which served as the basis for writing our article. Purpose of the article: theoretical justification of teaching trends in innovative development of Kazakhstan's cities and the development of its teaching methodology in geography. The role and place of studying cities in geographical education has been determined. The study reviewed the theory of innovative urban development, analysis of experience and samples of innovative development of the city was carried out. Based on the data obtained, the program of the elective course "geography of cities" for students of the 9th grade is compiled. The elective course, written on the example of Almaty, is planned to be conducted for 34 hours, 1 time per week. The content of the discipline consists of 5 blocks: the history of the city, natural conditions and resources, socio-cultural life, economic situation and directions of development of world cities.

This article considers the nature of climate changes in the Middle Ages of Central Asia and the influence of these changes on the toponymy in the region. The aim of the study is to analyze the manifestation of climate changes in the names of natural objects described in historical data of Central Asia and to study whether the semantic load of toponyms corresponds to the current geographical reality. The spatial identification of toponyms found in medieval historical sources, their etymological and semantic analysis, determination of the correspondence between toponyms and the present geographical nature of objects are carried out in accordance with the aim of the research. Climate changes will lead to changes in soil, vegetation and fauna. The presence of information describing the natural conditions in the period of their appearance in toponyms makes it possible to use them as indicators of landscape changes in historical geography. It was found that toponyms reflect climate changes in Central Asia, and thus they can be used as a source of information in the reconstruction of landscapes of past periods as a result of the research. It was found that the meaning of historical names preserved in the region from the period called “medieval pluvial” or “medieval climate anomaly” (between 900–1300 AD) does not correspond to the nature of the present landscape as a result of climate changes. The research methodology and results can be used in the future on a wider scale for other regions or in historical-geographical studies related to certain time periods.

Society can move towards sustainable future by integrating interdisciplinary knowledge in education for sustainable development (ESD), promoting sustainable practices. ESD is closely related to geography. It can be said that the educational content of the subject of geography includes almost all the goals of sustainable development. We reviewed scientific publications in the main collection of Web of Science, Scopus, and Dimensions databases as a result of systematic analysis of literature. We selected 24 articles in accordance with the research questions of the theoretical basis and practice of ESD implementation in school geography with the use of qualitative content analysis. The results obtained have revealed that the subject of geography at school has not lost its importance as a leading subject in the promotion of ESD. We propose prospective research in this area in order to improve the educational content and teaching practices of school geography in promoting ESD.

Mindanao, Luzon adasından sonra Filipinler Cumhuriyeti’nin hem ikinci en büyük hem de ikinci en kalabalık nüfuslu adasıdır. Görkemli şelaleleriyle, ürkütücü volkanlarıyla, ıssız tropikal plajlarıyla, yoğun yağmur ormanlarıyla ve benzersiz doğal koruma alanlarıyla dikkat çeken Mindanao, Türkiye’den gelen turistlerin en az ziyaret ettikleri ve en az bilgi sahibi oldukları Filipin adasıdır. Dünyanın en büyük ve en yoğun nüfuslu adalarından biri olan Mindanao, dört denize kıyısı olan Filipinler’in en büyük güney adasıdır. Dünyanın en kalabalık nüfuslu yedinci adası olan Mindanao aynı zamanda da en çok Müslüman kökenli nüfus barındıran Filipinler adasıdır. Bu büyük adanın bölgesel turizm özelliklerini irdeleyen bu araştırmada; Türkiye’de ilk kez bir Filipinler adasının hem detaylı bölgesel coğrafi özellikleri irdelenmiş, hem de ayrıntılı turizm rehberi oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Turistik rehber özelliklerini taşıyan bu bölgesel coğrafya çalışmasının öncelikli amacı bu adayı ziyaret eden yatırımcılara, öğrencilere, bilim uzmanlarına, iş adamlarına ve turistlere detaylı coğrafi ve turizm bilgileri sunması ve her bir bölgenin bir yandan coğrafi ve turizm potansiyelini diğer yandan da kültürel turistik mekânlarını ve doğal turizm çekiciliklerini tanıtmasıdır. Çalışmada Surigao, Butuan, Kagayan-de-Oro, Iligan, Valencia ve Dipolog, yani toplam 6 bölgenin coğrafi özellikleri, turizm merkezleri ve turizm potansiyelleri irdelenmiştir. Türkiye’de yapılan bilimsel araştırmalar arasında, büyük bir tropikal adanın çok boyutlu turizm portresi farklı coğrafi bölgeleri kapsayacak şekilde detaylı irdelenmediği için Kuzey Mindanao olarak ele alınan bu çalışmanın, ülkemizde ilk kez kaleme alınan araştırma örneği olduğu söylenilebilir. Mindanao adasının kuzey bölgelerinin coğrafi ve turizm potansiyeli ile ilgili Türkiye’de detaylı bir araştırma olmadığına göre, bu çalışma ile önemli bir bilgi boşluğunun doldurulması beklenmektedir.

In this article, the issue of transferring historical and cartographic data from scientific resources into digital format is comprehensively examined. Each country determines the priorities of digital development and conducts intensive work. The development of the global economy is also taking place through digital transformations. The methodology of preparing historical and cartographic resources in the context of digital globalization includes a comprehensive approach that combines the stimulation of effective digital transformation processes and the optimization of human capital. Based on these trends, the importance and urgency of creating historical and cartographic resources in the context of digital globalization is emphasized. This is due to the fact that the problem of preserving historical resources at the country level is currently in a difficult situation. Historically important cartographic materials become obsolete over time. These materials should be preserved as part of the informational heritage, and the work of transferring them to future generations should be carried out continuously. In this regard, a methodology for creating the historical and cartographic resources in electronic format was developed. An analysis of the best world practices in creating historically important cartographic databases was conducted. In this regard, the electronic resources compiled by a group of scientists from the Vatican Library and Harvard University were studied. The results and methods obtained during the research can be considered as a model for the creation of a historical and cartographic database at the national level.