Haritalodes derogata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), commonly known as the cotton leaf roller, is an important polyphagous pest that causes damage to various agricultural and forest plants, especially those of the Malvaceae family, but also to crops such as cotton, cashew, bamboo, oats, and jute. While microbial control agents are known for their efficacy and environmental friendliness, there are few studies demonstrating their effect on H. derogata. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioefficacy of microbial agents from different pathogen groups against this pest. To this end, we investigated the insecticidal potential of fifteen indigenous microbial isolates from our entomopathogen collection. These included five Bacillus thuringiensis strains (Bn1, MnD, Mm2, Xd3, Lyd8), five entomopathogenic fungi ( Metarhizium flavoviride As2, M. anisopliae KTU-51 and Beauveria bassiana Pa4, Pa5, Hp5), and five baculoviruses (HycuGV-Hc1, LdMNPV-T2, AcMNPV, DapuNPV-T1, SeMNPV-U), applied at concentrations of 1.8 × 10 ⁹ cfu/mL, 1 × 10 ⁷ conidia/mL, and 1 × 10 ⁷ PIB/mL, respectively, against H. derogata larvae under laboratory conditions. Among these, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Bn1, B. bassiana Pa4, Hyphantria cunea granulovirus (HycuGV-Hc1), and Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV-U) showed strong insecticidal activity and were selected for virulence assays, each achieving 100% mortality in third instar larvae. The median lethal concentrations (LC ₅₀ ) were determined to be 7.1 × 10 ⁴ cfu/mL, 3.3 × 10 ³ conidia/mL, 1.2 × 10 ³ PIB/mL, and 1 × 10 ³ PIB/mL, respectively. These results indicate that indigenous microbial agents are a promising environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides in the control of H. derogata .

The aim of present study, to evaluate the genotoxic potential of 1-(4-(3,3-dimethyl-1,6-dioxo-2,3,4,6,11,13-hexahydro-1H-indazolo[1,2b] phthalazine-13yl)phenyl)-2-phenylazetidine-3-yl-acetate which was synthesised assuming that it may be a pharmaceutical raw material and found to inhibit human carbonic anhydrase I, II isozymes. To determine the genotoxic potential of this phthalazine substituted β-lactam compound, chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) tests were implemented in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. In these tests, lymphocyte cultures were treated with four concentrations (30, 15, 7.5, 3.75 μg/mL) of test compound and simultaneously with negative control (sterile distilled water), solvent control (DMSO) positive control (MMC). According to our results, CA frequencies were significantly increased in two high applied concentrations (30, 15 μg/mL) compared with negative and solvent control. MN frequencies were significantly increased in three applied concentrations (30, 15, 7.5 μg/mL) except lowest concentration (3.75 μg/mL) compared with solvent control. Mitotic indices were also affected by treatment with test compound. The obtained results provide evidence to demonstrate that new phthalazine substituted β-lactam derivative can exert genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in peripheral human lymphocytes especially at high concentrations.