The article considers etiological factors, clinical manifestations, laboratory and instrumental methods for diagnosing kidney pathology, which requires the use of antibacterial drugs – pyelonephritis. However, this pathology can be difficult to diagnose and not every antibacterial drug is suitable for its treatment. The main ways of kidney damage by bacterial infection in small domestic animals are ascending infection and hematogenous introduction, when pathogenic microorganisms enter the kidneys along with the bloodstream. The article provides predisposing factors leading to the development of pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis has several types of course. The acute form of the disease is most easily diagnosed due to the vivid clinical signs and pronounced changes in blood, urine, and kidney sonography tests. Whereas the chronic form and latent course may be overlooked due to the nonspecific clinical picture. In the treatment of pyelonephritis, the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria can be fatal for the patient, because if it is impossible to eliminate infection in the kidneys, the development of renal failure is inevitable, leading to all manifestations of uremia, anemia and other changes that occur with impaired renal function. To prevent the development of antibiotic resistance, it is extremely important to make a final diagnosis through bacteriological urine culture, but pyelonephritis is a pathology that requires a comprehensive diagnostic approach and, if suspected, it is advisable to start etiological treatment immediately, correctly choosing an antibiotic. Not every antibacterial drug is suitable for the treatment of pyelonephritis. For example, one of the first-line drugs of choice in the treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI), amoxicillin with clavulanic acid does not penetrate the renal parenchyma. The group of choice for the treatment of bacterial inflammation of the kidneys are fluoroquinolones, but not every drug from this group is suitable for treatment in animals and there are certain restrictions in their use in the case of puppies, kittens, as well as in cats as a species, therefore, the selection of an antibiotic should be carried out individually in each clinical case, taking into account the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug, the result of urine sampling and other studies, as well as the physiological characteristics of the patient.

Оценка диагностических мероприятий при патологии почек у кошек

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the acaricidal activity of the antiparasitic agent Meradok against demodicosis in cattle. Materials and methods. Acaricidal activity against demodex mites in cattle was studied from 2024 to 2025 on 50 Black and White cattle (heifers aged 11–12 months). Five groups of 10 animals were formed from matched animals: four experimental groups and one control group. Meradok was administered subcutaneously to test animals in the neck area, clipping the hair. The injection site was treated with ethyl alcohol: Group 1 received 0.25 ml/50 kg, Group 2 – 0.5 ml/50 kg, Group 3 – 0.75 ml/50 kg, and Group 4 – 1 ml/50 kg, twice, 7 days apart. The control group of animals did not receive the drug. The results were statistically processed using Statistica 6.1 and Microsoft Excel. Results and discussion. Meradok has an 87.6% therapeutic efficacy for demodicosis in cattle when administered subcutaneously at a dose of 1.0 ml/50 kg twice, 7 days apart. To prevent recurrence of demodicosis, it is necessary to treat the entire herd, as well as the premises, equipment, and care items. Daily grazing of cattle for sun exposure is essential, and animals must be cleaned daily. The microclimate of animal housing facilities must comply with zoohygienic standards.

For animals, obesity is a real and growing threat, about 40—59 % of domestic dogs are overweight, and similar statistics are observed in domestic cats. These numbers have increased in recent years, and practicing veterinarians confidently assert that obesity is an increasingly serious problem among their patients. The aim of the work is to analyze the clinical manifestations, diagnostic and therapeutic measures for obese dogs and cats. The research work was carried out at the Department of Internal Non-infectious Diseases of farm animals and the veterinary clinic of the Northern Trans-Urals State Agrarian University. During the research period, 11,764 animals were admitted to the clinic, of which 4,074 (34,6 %) animals were diagnosed with obesity, including 2,319 cats and 1,755 dogs (56,9 and 43,1 % of cases, respectively). Uncontrolled feeding was found to be the main cause of overweight (73,4 % of cases). A significant risk of weight gain was noted in Labrador dogs (44,9 % of cases), in Scottish and British cats (34,6 % and 32,1 %, respectively). Of the concomitant diseases associated with obesity, pathologies of the digestive system took the leading place (42,4 %), diseases of the urinary, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems were less common (20,2 %, 10,1 %, and 9,8 %, respectively). Higher therapeutic efficacy was established when using the 1st treatment regimen: dogs lost an average of 2,5—3 kg (16,2 %) after 6 months, chest circumference decreased by 13 cm, and pelvic limb index by 6 cm, body fat, respectively, by 14,9 %, body condition 5/9 points. The cats lost an average of 2 kg (23,5 %), the chest circumference decreased by 7 cm, and the pelvic limb index by 3 cm, body fat was estimated at 14,9 %, and body condition was 6/9 points. When applying the 2nd treatment regimen, dogs lost an average of 1,5 kg (6,9 %) after 6 months, the chest circumference decreased by 8 cm, and the pelvic limb index by 4,5 cm, body fat was 19,8 %, and body condition was 7/9 points. The cats lost an average of 1,6—1,8 kg (18,6 %), chest circumference decreased by 5 cm, and pelvic limb index by 3 cm, body fat was estimated at 18,9 %, body condition 7/9 points.

In modern conditions, the percentage of allergic diseases increases every year. A sufficient number of studies have been devoted to the study of various aspects of the pathology under consideration in small pets, but its solution will contribute to a comfortable life for the patient. According to the conducted research, it was found that among dermatological diseases, there were such as allergic: in cats 22.2%, in dogs 15.5%; parasitic in cats 13.3%, in dogs 10.5%; fungal in cats 6.3%, in dogs 7.2%, bacterial in cats 5.8%, in dogs 6.4%; thermal in cats 5.2%, in dogs 2.3%, chemical in cats 5.3%, in dogs 2.2%. Flea allergic dermatitis is a hypersensitivity reaction to one or more components of fleas, especially to allergens contained in their saliva. Flea dermatitis is most often recorded in late summer, which corresponds to the peak of flea numbers. The purpose of flea control is to eliminate them on pets, eliminate existing contamination in the environment and prevent re-infection. The main symptoms indicating allergic flea dermatitis: severe itching; numerous wounds due to scratching; hair falling out, the appearance of bald patches on the animal's body, ulcers covered with crusts; lack of appetite, vomiting; inappropriate behavior, irritability. When diagnosing allergic flea dermatitis, a number of factors were taken into account, including anamnesis, clinical signs, results of a wet test for the presence of fleas or their excrement, cytology of skin scraping, as well as the exclusion of other causes of dermatological diseases including atopic dermatitis and food allergies. The clinical signs of allergic flea dermatitis are variable and depend on the duration of the disease, as well as the degree of hypersensitivity and the consequences of previous or current treatment.