Introduction: Gasoline adulteration is a widespread problem that threatens environmental sustainability and public health and affects economic stability. The objective of this study was to forensically detect petrol adulteration using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric analysis and to evaluate the impact of common adulterants on fuel quality and emissions. Methods: The study utilized ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to examine petrol samples adulterated with kerosene, diesel, turpentine oil, and used cooking oil at various concentrations. Spectral data were collected to identify molecular signatures, and chemometric analysis, specifically Principal Component Analysis (PCA), was employed to classify and differentiate between pure and adulterated samples. Results: Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy identified distinct characteristic peaks for each adulterant, confirming their presence and unique molecular compositions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) effectively differentiated between pure and adulterated petrol samples, with the first principal component accounting for over 93% of the variance. This result underscores the high accuracy and reliability of this method. Discussion: These findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating spectroscopic and chemometric techniques to detect fuel adulteration. This study also emphasizes the broader implications of adulteration, including increased emissions, engine damage, and economic losses, reinforcing the need for robust forensic detection methods. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that ATR-FTIR, when combined with chemometric analysis, is a precise and reliable method for detecting petroleum adulteration. It also proposes a standardized forensic protocol and emphasizes the significance of interdisciplinary strategies in addressing fuel-related crimes and safeguarding environmental and public health.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) rank among the highest-volume engineered nanomaterials, and their partial dissolution generates a composite particle and ion exposure that converges on three measurable molecular layers. This review consolidates quantitative endpoints reported across in vitro, rodent, avian, piscine and controlled human exposures and organises them into mitochondrial, redox and epigenetic signature classes. Reported responses include mitochondrial membrane potential loss to 55 percent of control, mitochondrial DNA copy number shifts spanning 290 percent to 80 percent of control, PGC-1 alpha suppression to 48.6 percent, global 5-methylcytosine reduction to 42 percent, histone G9a induction near 50-fold, and transcriptomic responses reaching 2703 differentially expressed genes. Cross-layer convergence is anchored by zinc homeostasis regulators, heme oxygenase 1, one carbon metabolite accumulation and ferroptotic lipid remodelling across species. A candidate integrated biomarker panel is proposed here together with the analytical and dosimetric constraints that presently limit its regulatory adoption.