Stunting prevalence in South Kalimantan has been higher than the national figure and is the sixth highest in Indonesia. Not many studies in South Kalimantan have analysed the risk factors for stunting comprehensively that combine sociodemographic factors, utilization of maternal health services, and characteristics of children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse sociodemographic factors, utilization of maternal health services, and characteristics of children under 5 as determinants of stunting in South Kalimantan Province. This study used an analytic observational method with a cross-sectional design. Data collection used secondary data from the results of South Kalimantan Baseline Health Research 2018. The total population of toddlers obtained from South Kalimantan Baseline Health Research 2018 data was 1218 toddlers, and all of them were taken as samples. Data analysis used a chi square test for bivariate test and Logistic Regression for multivariate test. There is a relationship between mother’s education level (p = 0.001), father’s education (p = 0.002), toddler age (p < 0.001), low birth weight (p = 0.05), exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.008), and underweight (p = 0.000) with stunting. The data were continued with the Logistics Regression test and the dominant variables related to stunting were underweight (p < 0.001 with OR 18,241), under-five age (p < 0.001, with OR value for ages 24–35 months 9511), and premature birth (p = 0.027 with an OR of 2187). The conclusion of this study is that the most important factor in the incidence of stunting in South Kalimantan is underweight nutritional status.

BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity in urbanizing Indonesia is rising, where the double burden of malnutrition poses a significant challenge. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and increment of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) of diabetes and hypertension. METHODS Secondary data from the latest 2018 Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) were used to analyze the obesity rate and its associations with lifestyle, sociodemographics, and certain comorbidities among urban Indonesians. This study included non-pregnant adults aged ≥18 years who lived in the urban area and whose blood pressure and glucose levels were measured in the survey. Results were compared to a similar study using data from 2007. RESULTS The proportion of obesity among Indonesia’s urban population was more than doubled from 23.0% in 2007 to 50.1% in 2018 for obesity and 28.0% to 57.2% for central obesity. Additionally, females, individuals with higher socioeconomic status, and higher education levels exhibited a higher obesity prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Urban Indonesia has witnessed a dramatic rise in obesity prevalence. Our findings highlighted the urgent need for policymakers to consider the escalating prevalence of NCDs associated with obesity. Strengthening and concretizing health promotion and prevention policies at the community level are crucial to combat this alarming public health challenge.

Background. As a developing nation, there has been an increasing trend in non-communicable diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM) in Indonesia. However, a remarkable proportion of DM cases in this archipelagic country is likely undiagnosed. Objective. This study assessed the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors related to undiagnosed DM in Indonesians. Methodology. This cross-sectional study analyzed secondary data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research (Riskesdas). It involved 3,755 study subjects, 3,619 individuals with high blood glucose levels meeting and 136 individuals with controlled DM. Multivariable regression analysis examined the associations between sociodemographic and lifestyle factors and undiagnosed diabetes. Result. The study revealed that 80% of the DM cases among the subjects were undiagnosed. Multivariable analysis confirmed that age group, area of residence, employment, wealth quintiles and physical activity were significantly associated with higher odds of undiagnosed diabetes. Notably, sex, smoking status and vegetable consumption did not show any association with the diagnosis status of diabetes. Conclusion. A significant portion of DM cases in Indonesia remain undiagnosed, especially among young adults, rural residents, agricultural workers and lower socioeconomic groups. Improved healthcare access, targeted screening and enhanced health education are essential to ensure early diagnosis and effective management of diabetes.

Background: Malnutrition is common among children under 5 years of age in Indonesia, with the rates varying between urban and rural areas. The minimum acceptable diet (MAD) assesses nutrient quality and quantity. This study aimed to identify the potential variables for MAD in 6–23-month-old children in both urban and rural Indonesia.Methods: We used the data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey to conduct this nationally representative study. A total of 4,688 children aged 6–23 months were included in the study. MAD was classified using the 2017 World Health Organization global nutrition monitoring framework. The determinants of MAD were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.Results: Overall, 45% of children aged 6–23 months received the required MAD, with 47.4% receiving the MAD in urban areas and 35.7% in rural areas. Children’s age, fathers’ age, parents’ education level, mothers’ employment, and wealth index were strongly linked to MAD in both rural and urban homes. The factor specifically related to MAD in urban areas was mother living with her husband. For rural households, mothers’ involvement in decisionmaking and a minimum of four antenatal care (ANC) visits significantly increased the likelihood of their children’s MAD status.Conclusion: MAD status was determined by increased child age, higher parent education, younger father, working mother, and higher wealth index in children aged 6–23 months in both urban and rural settings. Mothers living with a spouse determined the MAD status only in urban areas. More frequent ANC visits and mother participation in household decisions were other factors related to MAD status in rural areas.

Adequate fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is essential to meet young children’s nutritional needs and support long-term health. In Indonesia, many chi

There has been a perspective shift regarding the role of inorganic nitrate consumption in human health. It was once thought to be a potentially harmful food additive, but more research has been conducted on the potential health benefits of dietary nitrate. This narrative review aimed to summarize important findings about the role of dietary nitrate in human health. Literature search was performed through PubMed and Google Scholar on the topics of dietary inorganic nitrate. This brief review was then synthesized summarizing the current evidence concerning its dietary source, safety concern, metabolism, and some potential health benefits. There is no compelling evidence to support the concerns about the toxic effects of nitrate as a food preservative. Instead, it has been discovered that vegetables are the primary source of inorganic nitrate, which may provide a variety of health benefits via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. Although the research is still in its early stages, nitrate and its derivatives have the potential to act as antibiofilm agents. Dietary nitrate can improve cardiovascular health as a result of its conversion to nitric oxide. Dietary nitrate has also been recommended as a sports supplement because it has been shown to improve athletic performance. Nitrate consumption may also be beneficial in the treatment of several other medical conditions, including Covid-19. Dietary nitrate can boost production of nitric oxide which is beneficial for health. All current findings regarding the benefits of naturally occurring nitrate substantiate the recommendation of daily vegetable consumption.