This study investigates the operational performance and optimization of a real greywater treatment system utilizing aluminum (Al)-based electrocoagulation (EC). The EC process was systematically evaluated and optimized through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using the Box–Behnken Design (BBD), focusing on three critical parameters: pH, current density, and electrolysis time. Greywater samples collected from domestic sources were characterized by key physicochemical parameters including pH, COD, TSS, turbidity-ty, and electrical conductivity. The electrochemical treatment was conducted using a batch reactor equipped with Al electrodes in a monopolar configuration. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to characterize both the electrodes and the generated sludge. Results revealed a maximum COD removal efficiency of 86.34% under optimized conditions, with current density being the most influential factor, followed by its significant interaction with pH. The developed quadratic model exhibited high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.96) and revealed significant nonlinear and interaction effects among the parameters. Sludge characterization confirmed the presence of amorphous aluminum hydroxide and oxyhydroxide phases, indicating effective coagulant generation and pollutant capture. The treated greywater met physicochemical criteria for non-potable reuse, such as agricultural irrigation, supporting resource recovery objectives. These findings demonstrate that EC is a low-waste, chemically efficient, and scalable process for decentralized wastewater treatment, aligning with the goals of sustainable chemical engineering.

This study focuses on identifying fluoride (F^‒) concentrations and its health risk assessment (HRA) in drinking water sources in south-eastern Türkiye. Groundwater quality was assessed using some graphical approaches such as Schoeller and Piper diagrams and GIS mapping. Average daily exposure dosages through oral and dermal contact exposure routes were considered to determine the potential health risk of F^‒ in groundwater. Groundwater samples were taken from 53 points in spring, summer, autumn, and winter seasons. The results showed that the average annual F^‒ concentrations in water resources in the study area were 0.26‒3.62 mg/L. According to the HRA results, the highest F^‒ health risk in this region was observed in children, followed by teenagers and adults. This study indicated that there is a strong relationship between the high health risk (4.28 > 3.5) in children and dental fluorosis caused by high F^‒ concentration in groundwater.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the quality of water collected during wet and dry seasons of Şanlıurfa and to expand and improve understanding of the pollution status and drinking quality of bottled water used for drinking purposes. To do so, an entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) and a groundwater pollution index (PIG) were used to evaluate data on physicochemical parameters related to drinking water quality standards. The parameters related to bottled water quality were evaluated with Piper and Ternary diagrams. The calculated EWQI values ranged from 7.78 to 29.74 in wet season whereas 11.63 to 32.20 in dry season. Overall, EWQI data showed that all of water samples were suitable for drinking. Similarly, the values of PIG varied from 0.09 to 0.3 in wet season but 0.1 to 0.26 in dry season, which also showed that all water samples from the study area were suitable.