A comprehensive control of a wind turbine system connected to an industrial plant is discussed in this paper, where an algorithm has been developed allowing a control structure that utilizes a four-leg inverter connected to the grid side to inject the available energy, as well as to work as an active power filter mitigating load current disturbances and enhancing power quality. A four-wire system is considered with three-phase and single-phase linear and nonlinear loads. During the connection of the wind turbine, the utility-side controller is designed to compensate the disturbances caused in presence of reactive, nonlinear, and/or unbalanced single- and intra-phase loads, in addition to providing active and reactive power as required. When there is no wind power available, the controller is intended to improve the power quality using the dc-link capacitor with the power converter attached to the grid. The main difference of the proposed methodology with respect to others in the literature is that the proposed control structure is based on the conservative power theory decompositions. This choice provides decoupled power and current references for the inverter control, offering very flexible, selective, and powerful functionalities. Real-time software benchmarking has been conducted in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed control algorithm for full real-time implementation. The control methodology is implemented and validated in hardware-in-the-loop based on the real time simulator “Opal-RT” and a TMSF28335 DSP microcontroller. The results corroborated our power quality enhancement control and allowed to exclude passive filters, contributing to a more compact, flexible, and reliable electronic implementation of a smart-grid based control.

A multifunctional control strategy for a single-phase Asymmetrical Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (ACHMI), suitable for microgrid systems with nonlinear loads, is presented. The primary advantage of ACHMI is to produce a staircase output voltage with low harmonic content utilizing unequal DC voltages on the individual H-bridge cells. In grid-connected mode of operation, the control strategy of the ACHMI is based on the Conservative Power Theory (CPT), providing selective disturbing current compensation besides injecting its available energy. In autonomous mode of operation, two different control methods along with a damping resistor in the filter circuit are developed for regulation of the ACHMI instantaneous output voltage in a variety of load conditions. The first method is a single-loop voltage control scheme without the need of any current measurement. The second one is multi-loop voltage control scheme with a load current feed-forward compensation strategy and preservation of the grid-connected current control scheme. The steady state response and stability of both voltage control schemes are analyzed, and based on the application requirement, the control schemes are implemented individually. The effectiveness of each control strategy is experimentally verified using a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setup with the control algorithm implemented in the TMSF28335 DSP microcontroller.

Conventional Energy Resources (CER) are being rapidly replaced by Renewable Energy Resources (RER) due to their abundant, environmentally friendly, clean, and inexhaustible nature. In recent years, Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) energy installation is booming at a rapid rate among various RER. Grid-Connected PVS required advance DC-link controllers to overcome second harmonic ripple and current controllers to feed-in high-quality current to the grid. This paper successfully presents the design of a Fuzzy-Logic Based PI (F-PI) and Fuzzy-Logic based Sliding Mode Controller (F-SMC) for the DC-link voltage controller and Proportional Resonant (PR) with Resonant Harmonic Compensator (RHC) as a current controller for a Single-Phase Two-Stages Grid-connected Transformerless (STGT) Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter. The current controller is designed with and without a feedforward PV power loop to improve dynamics and control. A Second Order General Integral (SOGI)-based Phase Lock Loop (PLL) is also designed that has a fast-dynamic response, fast-tracking accuracy, and harmonic immunity. A 3 kW STGT-PV system is used for simulation in Matlab/Simulink. A comparative assessment of designed controllers is carried out with a conventionally well-tuned PI controller. The designed controllers improve the steady-state and dynamic performance of the grid-connected PV system. In addition, the results, performance measure analysis, and harmonics contents authenticate the robustness, fastness, and effectiveness of the designed controllers, related to former works.

°CThe research significance of various scientific aspects of photovoltaic (PV) systems has increased over the past decade. Grid-tied inverters the vital elements for the effective interface of Renewable Energy Resources (RER) and utility in the distributed generation system. Currently, Single-Phase Transformerless Grid-Connected Photovoltaic (SPTG-CPV) inverters (1–10 kW) are undergoing further developments, with new designs, and interest of the solar market. In comparison to the transformer (TR) Galvanic Isolation (GI)-based inverters, its advantageous features are lower cost, lighter weight, smaller volume, higher efficiency, and less complexity. In this paper, a review of SPTG-CPV inverters has been carried out. The basic operational principles of all SPTG-CPV inverters are presented in details for positive, negative, and zero cycles. A comprehensive analysis of each topology has been deliberated. A comparative assessment is also performed based on weaknesses, strengths, component ratings, efficiency, total harmonic distortion (THD), semiconductor device losses, and leakage current of various SPTG-CPV inverters schemes. Typical PV inverter structures and control schemes for grid connected three-phase system and single-phase systems are also discussed, described, and reviewed. Comparison of various industrial grids-connected PV inverters is also performed. Loss analysis is also performed for various topologies at 1 kW. Selection of appropriate topologies for their particular application is thoroughly presented. Then, discussion and forthcoming progress are emphasized. Lastly, the conclusions are presented. More than 100 research publications on the topic of SPTG-CPV inverter topologies, configurations, and control schematics along with the recent developments are thoroughly reviewed and classified for quick reference.

This paper discusses the use of a cascaded multilevel converter for flexible power conditioning in smart-grid applications. The main feature of the proposed scheme is the use of independent DC links, with reduced voltages, which makes such a topology an ideal candidate for medium and high power applications with increased reliability. The developed control strategy regulates independent DC-link voltages in each H-bridge cell and allows selective and flexible compensation of disturbing currents under a variety of voltage conditions without requiring any reference frame transformation. The selective control strategies are based on the decompositions proposed in the Conservative Power Theory (CPT), which result in several current-related terms associated with specific load characteristics. These current components are independent of each other and may be used to define different compensation strategies, which can be selective in minimizing particular effects of disturbing loads. Experimental results are provided to validate the possibilities and performance of the proposed control strategies, considering ideal and deteriorated voltage conditions.

The novelty behind the research in this paper is to investigate the Super Twisting Sliding Mode Controller (ST-SMC) for efficiently injecting both active and reactive power under normal and abnormal operating conditions for a three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system. The ST-SMC is aimed to inject sinusoidal current to the grid with low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), to avoid chattering with easy real implementation, and to enhance the quality of disturbance rejection and sensitivity to parameter variation. The test under normal conditions includes initialization, steady state behavior, dynamic behavior, and interrupting the injection of acting and reactive power while the abnormal conditions consists of voltage sag, voltage swell, frequency variation, DC-link variation, and inclusion of 5th harmonics, etc. The phase lock loop used for synchronization is based on a synchronous reference frame that works well under distorted grids and nonideal. Automatic code is generated in PSIM 9.1 for hardware implementation in the DSP board TMS32F28335 from Texas Instruments while code composer studio 6.2.0 is used for debugging. The real time testing is executed using Typhoon Hardware in Loop (HIL) 402 device on the DSP board. The results authenticate the fastness, effectiveness, and robustness for both steady state and dynamic behavior under various scenarios of the designed controller.