The progress in telemedicine can be observed globally and locally. Technological changes in telecommunications systems are intertwined with developments in telemedicine. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has expanded the potential of teleconsultations and telediagnosis solutions in all areas of medicine. This article presents: (1) an overview of milestones in the development of telecommunications systems that allow progress in telemedicine and (2) an analysis of the experiences of the last seven conferences of telemedicine and eHealth in Poland. The telemedicine and eHealth conferences have grown steadily in Poland since their inception in the late 1990s. An exemplary conference program content was used to assess the scientific maturity of the conference, measured by the indices of research dissemination and the impact of publications. The overview presents progress in selected areas of telemedicine, looking at local developments and broader changes. The growing interest in telemedicine in the world’s medical sciences is demonstrated by visibility metrics in Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science. National scientific events are assumed to raise interest in the population and influence the creation of general policies. As seen in the example of Poland, the activity of the scientific community gathered around the Polish Telemedicine Society led to novel legal acts that allowed the general practice of telemedicine during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Local scientific conferences focusing on telemedicine research can be a catalyst for changes in attitudes and regulations and the preparation of recommendations for the practice of telemedicine and electronic health. On the basis of the results of this study, it can be concluded that the progress in telemedicine cannot be analyzed in isolation from the ubiquitous developments in technology and telecommunications. More research is needed to assess the cumulative impact of long-standing scientific conferences in telemedicine, as exemplified by the telemedicine and eHealth conferences in Poland.

Background: Between 2014 and 2024, Poland underwent a significant digital transformation in its healthcare sector, evolving from isolated initiatives to a cohesive national eHealth ecosystem. This review examines the development, clinical significance, and research trends in telemedicine in Poland, providing comparative insights from 1995 to 2015 and assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases to identify peer-reviewed articles published between January 2014 and December 2024. A total of 1012 records were identified, and 212 articles were included after applying predefined inclusion criteria. These articles were categorized by medical specialty, study type, COVID-19 relevance, and clinical versus nonclinical focus. Gray literature and policy reports were examined only to provide a context for the findings. Results: Ninety-six publications were included in the clinical studies. The most common specialties are cardiology, psychiatry, geriatrics, general practice, and rehabilitation. In earlier years, survey-based and observational designs were predominant, whereas later years saw an increase in interventional trials and studies enabled by Artificial Intelligence (AI). The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on research activity, accelerating the adoption of digital technologies in previously underrepresented fields, such as pulmonology and palliative care, as well as in the routine use of modern Internet communication technologies for daily patient–doctor interactions. Discussion: Advancements in digital health (including eHealth and telemedicine) in Poland have been driven by policy reforms, technological advancements, and epidemiological events, such as COVID-19. Various fields have evolved from feasibility studies to clinical trials, and emerging specialties have focused on user experience and implementation. However, the adoption of AI and its interoperability remains underdeveloped, primarily because of regulatory and reimbursement challenges. Conclusions: Poland has made significant strides in institutionalizing digital health; however, ongoing innovation necessitates regulatory alignment, strategic funding, and enhanced collaboration between academia and industry. As the country aligns with the European Union (EU) initiatives, such as the European Health Data Space, it has the potential to lead to regional integration in digital health.

Background: Mobile health (mHealth) apps can innovatively diagnose, prevent, and treat many diseases. The increasing use of mHealth apps necessitates an appropriate assessment standard. Objective: This study aimed to translate the User Version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale (uMARS) into Polish, followed by validation, cultural adaptation, and examination of its reliability and validity. Methods: The Polish version of uMARS was adapted, translated, and validated based on the free STOP COVID ProteGO Safe app available for Android and iOS platforms. A total of 117 participants rated the app using the translated scale and rerated it 1 week later Results: The conceptual equivalence of all items and subscales of the original uMARS and its Polish version was confirmed. The translated uMARS scale exhibited high reliability (Cronbach α=0.95). The perceived test-retest reliability and total influence score were acceptable, with intraclass correlation coefficient values of 0.59 and 0.65, respectively Conclusions: The translated scale matched the reliability of the original scale. It can help users choose the best mHealth apps available in Poland and report their quality. The Polish version of uMARS was cross-culturally validated and was found to be as reliable as the original uMARS. The translated and validated uMARS tool can be used to evaluate mHealth apps in various aspects. App developers can reliably assess app components and determine areas that require further improvement and development to deliver higher-quality apps. The Polish version of the uMARS can become a standard tool for evaluating the quality of mHealth apps in Poland.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are chronic diseases associated with a high risk of mortality and morbidity. Early detection of CVD is crucial to initiating timely interventions, such as appro- priate counseling and medication, which can effectively manage the condition and improve patient outcomes. Preventive measures should be implemented at the general public level, promoting a healthy lifestyle, and at the individual level, that is, in people with moderate to high risk of CVD or patients already diagnosed with CVD by addressing an unhealthy lifestyle. Personalized early diagnostic systems based on artificial intelligence (AI), ontologies, and other medical information processing systems may prove to be a great preventive measure. In this paper, we focus on the use of ontology-inspired database models in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, as well as their potential for use in web application development.

Telemedicine has become a routine component of healthcare delivery, creating a need for dedicated undergraduate training in teleconsultation-specific competencies. Although artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted educational systems have been proposed as scalable tools to support teleconsultation training, the evidence remains fragmented, and their educational role is not yet clearly defined. Objective: To map and critically synthesize empirical evidence on AI-assisted teleconsultation training systems used in undergraduate medical education, with attention to skill domains, system capabilities, and implementation considerations. Methods: A structured narrative review with transparent search and study selection procedures was conducted. Literature published between January 2019 and December 2025 was identified through searches of major bibliographic databases and supplementary semantic and citation-based sources. Studies involving undergraduate medical students and evaluating AI-assisted interventions targeting teleconsultation-related skills were included. Results: Eight empirical full-text studies met the final eligibility criteria and were included in the structured narrative synthesis. Across the included studies, AI-assisted systems tended to show favorable patterns in structured domains such as verbal communication, history-taking, and selected aspects of early clinical reasoning during virtual consultations. Evidence regarding nonverbal communication and empathic or relational skills was more limited and methodologically heterogeneous, and human-based simulation remained important in these domains. Students generally reported favorable perceptions of usability, accessibility, and psychological safety, although satisfaction and perceived realism were not uniformly superior to human-based approaches. AI-assisted systems also appeared scalable and potentially cost-efficient, particularly as preparatory or supplementary training modalities. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that AI-assisted teleconsultation training systems may be useful as preparatory and supportive tools in undergraduate medical education, particularly for structured and repeatable components of remote consultation practice. However, the evidence base remains limited and heterogeneous, and these systems do not replace human-led training for relational, nonverbal, and context-sensitive competencies. Their educational value appears greatest within blended training models that align platform capabilities with specific teleconsultation skills.

BACKGROUND Mobile health (mHealth) apps can innovatively diagnose, prevent, and treat many diseases. The increasing use of mHealth apps necessitates an appropriate assessment standard. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to translate the User Version of the Mobile Application Rating Scale (uMARS) into Polish, followed by validation, cultural adaptation, and examination of its reliability and validity. METHODS The Polish version of uMARS was adapted, translated, and validated based on the free STOP COVID ProteGO Safe app available for Android and iOS platforms. A total of 117 participants rated the app using the translated scale and rerated it 1 week later RESULTS The conceptual equivalence of all items and subscales of the original uMARS and its Polish version was confirmed. The translated uMARS scale exhibited high reliability (Cronbach α=0.95). The perceived test-retest reliability and total influence score were acceptable, with intraclass correlation coefficient values of 0.59 and 0.65, respectively CONCLUSIONS The translated scale matched the reliability of the original scale. It can help users choose the best mHealth apps available in Poland and report their quality. The Polish version of uMARS was cross-culturally validated and was found to be as reliable as the original uMARS. The translated and validated uMARS tool can be used to evaluate mHealth apps in various aspects. App developers can reliably assess app components and determine areas that require further improvement and development to deliver higher-quality apps. The Polish version of the uMARS can become a standard tool for evaluating the quality of mHealth apps in Poland.