The paper addresses the problem of describing the anisotropic damage process and the dissipative behavior of masonry structures under static incremental and dynamic loads. A homogenized continuum model, based on simplified micromechanical hypotheses, is presented. The plane stress is considered. The finite-element method is adopted as a framework for numerical implementation. Masonry is considered as a composite material made up of blocks, mortar bed joints, and mortar head joints. Mortar bed joints are schematized as interfaces characterized by cohesion, tensile strength and friction, whereas mortar head joints are considered as geometrical discontinuities. Internal symmetries of the material leads to distinguishing two couples of emisymmetric bed joints, characterized by equal state variables. The computation of the displacement jumps in these two couples of joints is sufficient to evaluate the displacement jumps of all the joints contained in the assumed unit cell. Constitutive equations consider the n...

Research on sustainable structural design (SSD) has increased significantly over the past decade. Having established the importance of structural engineering in sustainable development, researchers and practitioners have developed sustainable design strategies to address the impact of structural systems on the environment, economy, and society. Nevertheless, many studies have pointed out the inadequacy of existing assessment tools and the lack of overall understanding regarding the role of civil engineers and structural engineers in achieving sustainable goals. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art overview of SSD, focusing on design strategies, parameters for SSD, and the role of SSD in Green Building rating systems and building codes. First, the authors will clearly identify research results in this field and then point out the biggest issues when choosing SSD strategies and evaluation parameters. To conclude, this paper will discuss the characteristic tasks of...