Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Indonesia is ranked second in the world for TB cases. New anti‐TB drugs from groups A and B, such as bedaquiline, clofazimine, and linezolid, have been shown to be effective in curing drug resistance in TB patients, and Indonesia is already using these drugs to treat patients. However, studies comparing the TB strain types with anti‐TB resistance profiles are still relevant to understanding the prevalent strains in the country and their phenotypic characteristics. This study aimed to determine the association between the TB lineage distribution using whole‐genome sequencing and bedaquiline, clofazimine, and linezolid phenotypic profile resistance among M. tuberculosisrifampicin‐resistant isolates from West Java. M. tuberculosis isolates stock of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, was tested against bedaquiline, clofazimine, and linezolid using a mycobacteria growth indicator tube liquid culture. All isolates were tested for M. tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance using Xpert MTB/RIF. The DNA genome of M. tuberculosis was freshly extracted from a Löwenstein–Jensen medium culture and then sequenced. The isolates showed phenotypically resistance to bedaquiline, clofazimine, and linezolid at 5%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. We identified gene mutations on phenotypically bedaquiline‐resistant strains (2/3), and other mutations also found in phenotypically drug‐sensitive strains. Mykrobe analysis showed that most (88.33%) of the isolates could be classified as rifampicin‐resistant TB. Using Mykrobe and TB‐Profiler to determine the lineage distribution, the isolates were found to belong to lineage 4 (Euro‐American; 48.33%), lineage 2 (East Asian/Beijing; 46.67%), and lineage 1 (Indo‐Oceanic; 5%). This work underlines the requirement to increase the representation of genotype‐phenotype TB data while also highlighting the importance and efficacy of WGS in predicting medication resistance and inferring disease transmission.

Introduction: An opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes acute and chronic human infections. By adhering to appropriate surfaces and creating a biofilm matrix, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a high-resistance structure. Due to biofilm resistance mechanisms, this bacterial biofilm may increase natural antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics have difficulty penetrating the exopolysaccharide matrix that makes up the biofilm structure (Psl, Pe, alginate, and eDNA). Alginate is involved in generating mucus, and Psl and Pel components are implicated in biofilm development and antibiotic resistance. Due to the connection between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa involves mechanisms of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance. Objective: On this basis, learning more about the connection between Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria's ability to form biofilms and their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is essential. Methods: We use literature methods from various literature on the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa and its resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including research papers and studies with no restrictions types of studies included in this article. Discussion: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has intrinsic and adaptive antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Decreased membrane permeability, the production of enzymes resistant to antibiotics, chromosomal changes, and horizontal gene transfer from other bacteria contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Beta-lactam antibiotic resistance mechanisms are known to be developed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The resistance characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa may change phenotypically due to biofilm development. This article will be helpful in future research on Pseudomonas aeruginosa therapy and medication.

(1) Background: Indonesia faces the dual challenge of a high tuberculosis (TB) burden and increasing drug resistance. Conventional molecular diagnostics frequently fail to detect isoniazid resistance and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). This study evaluates a domestic multiplex Open PCR system in Medan, Indonesia. (2) Methods: From July to November 2025, 1569 sputum specimens from suspected TB patients were analysed using the Indigen MTB/NTM/DR-TB Real-time PCR Kit Gen 2. (3) Results: Mycobacterial DNA was detected in 421 specimens (26.8%). Among these, 396 (94.1%) were drug-susceptible TB, while 16 (3.8%) showed resistance, predominantly INH mono-resistance (n = 14; 0.89% of total). Additionally, 9 cases (2.1%) involved NTM or TB-NTM co-infections. Tertiary hospitals showed significantly higher positivity rates (33.5%) than primary care (18.9%; p < 0.001). TB status was significantly associated with male (p = 0.0052) and older age (p = 0.006), whereas resistance profiles and NTM distribution were consistent across all demographic groups (p > 0.80). (4) Conclusions: This study describes the implementation and diagnostic yield of a domestic multiplex Open PCR system in Medan, Indonesia. By bridging diagnostic gaps across a decentralized referral network, this facilitates rapid and targeted therapy. Integrating multiplex domestic innovations into national diagnostic algorithms is essential for achieving Indonesia’s TB elimination targets.

Play behaviour is a key component of animal development that enhances motor coordination, social bonding, and adaptability. This study examined the play behaviour of three four-year-old Sumatran elephant calves (Elephas maximus sumatranus) housed at the Conservation Response Unit (CRU) in Tangkahan, Langkat, North Sumatra. Observations were conducted using focal animal sampling and continuous recording for a total of 80 hours, yielding 14,400 behavioural data points. Eleven elephants’ play behaviour categories were identified, with locomotion showing the highest frequency 66.9 %), followed by running (13.0 %) and trunk entwining (6.3 %). The male calf exhibited a higher proportion of active play compared with females, suggesting potential sex-related differences in energy expenditure and social interaction. These findings provide the first quantitative description of play behaviour in Sumatran elephant calves under managed care. The behavioural patterns observed may serve as baseline indicators for assessing welfare and designing enrichment activities in ex-situ conservation settings. Understanding the diversity and frequency of play behaviours can help managers evaluate psychological well-being and promote natural behaviours essential for long-term conservation success.

Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is endemic in Southeast Asia and tropical regions like Indonesia. This bacterium poses a challenge due to its uncommon and resistance to high-generation antibiotics. This study aims to detect B. pseudomallei in clinical samples from patients suspected of having melioidosis and to describe its clinical manifestations. A total of 118 clinical samples were collected and analyzed using Ashdown’s Selective Agar and routine bacteriological media, while the Vitek 2 Compact system was utilized for antibiotic identification and sensitivity testing. B. pseudomallei was detected in 9 (7.6%) samples, with the highest positivity rate in sputum at 6/59 (10.16%), followed by pus at 5.9% (1/17), pleural fluid at 10% (1/10), and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 4.5% (1/22). No B. pseudomallei growth was detected in blood and urine samples. Clinically, the positive cases exhibited symptoms akin to pulmonary tuberculosis in 3/9 (33%), combined hydropneumothorax and pulmonary TB in 2/9 (22%), and bilateral pleural effusions in 1/9 (11%). Other clinical presentations included a combination of bilateral pleural effusions and pulmonary TB, mediastinal pleural effusion with pulmonary TB and pneumonia, and burns on the soles of the feet. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed effective treatment options for ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, and tigecycline. These findings highlight B. pseudomallei as a significant health concern in North Sumatra, emphasizing the need for improved diagnostic awareness and effective antimicrobial strategies to manage melioidosis cases.

(1) Background: Indonesia faces the dual challenge of a high tuberculosis (TB) burden and increasing drug resistance. Conventional molecular diagnostics frequently fail to detect isoniazid resistance and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). This study evaluates a domestic multiplex Open PCR system in Medan, Indonesia. (2) Methods: From July to November 2025, 1,569 sputum specimens from suspected TB pa-tients were analysed using the Indigen MTB/NTM/DR-TB Real-time PCR Kit Gen 2. (3) Results: Mycobacterial DNA was detected in 421 specimens (26.8%). Among these, 396 (94.1%) were drug-susceptible TB, while 16 (3.8%) showed resistance, predominantly INH mono-resistance (n=14; 0.89% of total). Additionally, 9 cases (2.1%) involved NTM or TB-NTM co-infections. Tertiary hospitals showed significantly higher positivity rates (33.5%) than primary care (18.9%; p < 0.001). TB status was significantly associated with male (p = 0.0052) and older age (p = 0.006), whereas resistance profiles and NTM distribu-tion were consistent across all demographic groups (p > 0.80). (4) Conclusions: The Open PCR system effectively identified INH resistance and NTM cases overlooked by standard rifampicin-only assays. By bridging diagnostic gaps across a decentralized referral network, this facilitates rapid and targeted therapy. Integrating multiplex domestic innovations into national diagnostic algorithms is essential for achieving Indonesia’s TB elimination targets.