Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Indonesia is ranked second in the world for TB cases. New anti‐TB drugs from groups A and B, such as bedaquiline, clofazimine, and linezolid, have been shown to be effective in curing drug resistance in TB patients, and Indonesia is already using these drugs to treat patients. However, studies comparing the TB strain types with anti‐TB resistance profiles are still relevant to understanding the prevalent strains in the country and their phenotypic characteristics. This study aimed to determine the association between the TB lineage distribution using whole‐genome sequencing and bedaquiline, clofazimine, and linezolid phenotypic profile resistance among M. tuberculosisrifampicin‐resistant isolates from West Java. M. tuberculosis isolates stock of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, was tested against bedaquiline, clofazimine, and linezolid using a mycobacteria growth indicator tube liquid culture. All isolates were tested for M. tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance using Xpert MTB/RIF. The DNA genome of M. tuberculosis was freshly extracted from a Löwenstein–Jensen medium culture and then sequenced. The isolates showed phenotypically resistance to bedaquiline, clofazimine, and linezolid at 5%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. We identified gene mutations on phenotypically bedaquiline‐resistant strains (2/3), and other mutations also found in phenotypically drug‐sensitive strains. Mykrobe analysis showed that most (88.33%) of the isolates could be classified as rifampicin‐resistant TB. Using Mykrobe and TB‐Profiler to determine the lineage distribution, the isolates were found to belong to lineage 4 (Euro‐American; 48.33%), lineage 2 (East Asian/Beijing; 46.67%), and lineage 1 (Indo‐Oceanic; 5%). This work underlines the requirement to increase the representation of genotype‐phenotype TB data while also highlighting the importance and efficacy of WGS in predicting medication resistance and inferring disease transmission.

The global spread of antibiotic resistance poses a significant threat to public health and is one of the main causes of this problem. Livestock farming plays a significant role in the horizontal and vertical transmission of treatment-resistant genes and bacteria. These processes involve contact with agricultural products and the environment, raising concerns for public health, and farming communities. The farming community is composed of a staggering 608 million farms worldwide, and their livelihood depends heavily on livestock farming. To address this issue, a multidisciplinary One Health approach focusing on integrated monitoring and intervention for humans, animals, and the environment is essential. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) programs have the potential to significantly reduce the risk of exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli, by obstructing the transmission route between humans and animals. Additional risk reduction measures for ESBL E. coli infection in animals include vaccination and biosecurity program implementation. Water, sanitation, and hygiene and biosecurity measures must be combined to maximize the effectiveness of the One Health program. Therefore, this study aimed to describe recent advances in biosecurity and WaSH interventions in the livestock environment, analyze the effects of these interventions on human and animal health, and investigate potential future scenarios within the quantitative microbial risk assessment framework. This study used an integrative literature review through searches of four databases, a review of World Health Organization documents through websites, and an examination of relevant texts from previously obtained reference lists. Although hygiene and sanitation are often combined, there is still a lack of quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of integrating WaSH with biosecurity in livestock. In addition, the integration of the WaSH program with biosecurity has potential as a One Health intervention in the coming years. Keywords: antibiotic-resistant bacteria, biosecurity, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli, One Health, scenario, water, sanitation, and hygiene.

A member of the pe/ppe gene family, lipX (pe11), is capable of directing persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis and avoiding host immune responses. Some studies have indicated that LipX (PE11) can detect humoral antibodies in tuberculosis patients. Hence, information on immune mediators’ responses to this protein is essential to understand its protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis infections. This study aimed to examine the response of immune mediators to pCDNA3.1-lipX expression in vivo. In the experiment, pCDNA3.1-lipX was injected into BALB/c strain male mice aged between 6 and 8 weeks, and they were compared to groups injected with pCDNA3.1 and without injection. The injection was carried out three times intramuscularly every two weeks. Blood was taken retro-orbitally and used for humoral response analysis by Western blotting against LipX-His protein. Simultaneously, the splenocytes were cultured and induced with LipX-His protein for cellular immunity analyses. Our study showed that the recombinant DNA of pCDNA3.1-lipX induced a humoral and cellular immune response, especially in IL-4, IL-12, and IFN-γ, which are the primary cellular responses to M. tuberculosis infections. However, additional studies, such as a challenge study, are needed to strengthen the argument that this plasmid construction is feasible as a tuberculosis seed vaccine candidate.

Development of a Tuberculosis Vaccine Seed: Construction of Resuscitation-Promoting Factor B DNA Vaccine and its Expression in Vitro and in Vivo

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a widely used noninvasive diagnostic technique, in which contrast‐enhanced imaging accounts for nearly half of all clinical MRI examinations. Although gadolinium‐based contrast agents are extensively employed, their potential safety concerns have motivated the development of alternative T ₁ contrast agents. Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (USIONs, ≤5 nm) have emerged as promising candidates owing to their spin‐canting effects and high surface‐to‐volume ratio; however, their short circulation time and “always‐on” MR signals result in limited target‐to‐background contrast. Herein, we report a facile pH‐responsive smart nanoassembly for switchable T ₂ / T ₁ ‐weighted MR imaging. The resulting USIONs/polymer nanoassemblies encapsulate multiple USIONs within a condensed hydrophobic core, leading to enhanced magnetic coupling and dominant T ₂ ‐weighted MR contrast under physiological conditions. Upon exposure to acidic conditions, the nanoassemblies undergo pH‐triggered disassembly, releasing monodispersed USIONs and concomitantly activating T ₁ ‐weighted MR contrast, as evidenced by a pronounced decrease in the transversal relaxivity/longitudinal relaxivity ( r ₂ / r ₁ ) ratio from 210 to 66. This work presents a simple and versatile strategy for constructing pH‐responsive organic/inorganic nanoassemblies and provides an in vitro proof‐of‐concept platform for activatable MR imaging.