Currently, hydropower is the principal renewable energy source; however, climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme events, such as floods, droughts, erosion, and sedimentation of rivers, which produce uncertainty with regard to hydroelectric generation. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the climate change projections for the hydropower systems of Ecuador based on data from 14 projects studying scenarios according to the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The study examined the period from 2010 to 2020 with historical data, determined the tendency, defined a database year, and then projected the scenarios to 2050. The quantitative methodology used time-series statistics for Ecuador’s hydropower inflow to calculate the deviation over recent years and develop a model to simulate future power generation. The results showed that hydropower in Ecuador is expected to decrease considerably through to 2050 due to meteorological changes. In this calculation of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, the selected scenarios showed a reduction in SSP5 of 11.5%, SP2 of 16.2%, and SSP4 of 18.2% through to 2050, indicating that the opportunities for hydroelectric production in the face of climate change are variable, but the challenges are broad. In Ecuador, the projections of reductions in hydropower generation represent a sensitive issue, especially knowing that, in 2020, 87% of the energy grid in the country depended on hydroelectric production.

This work focuses on the modeling and simulation of constant pressure systems based on variable speed pumps, with the aim of studying and evaluating their performance from a multidisciplinary approach. Using the physical models of the Simscape library, from MATLAB/Simulink R2019b, two study cases are assembled consisting of: piping system, a hydropneumatic tank, centrifugal pumps with an induction motor, variable speed drives, and a control system. Case one is comprised of one pump at a fixed speed and another at variable speed, and case two with both pumps at variable speed. For the parameterization of the models, data from manufacturers and process requirements are used. The different stages of the control system are integrated and configured; these are constant V/f control, slip compensation, space vector modulation (SVM,) and pressure controller. The dynamic response of the system, power saving, transient current at startup, and harmonic distortion are evaluated. The results showed that both cases kept the pressure constant in the face of variable flow demand and smoothed out the current during startup. Case two saved more energy (between 28 and 49%) but generated more harmonic distortion. In addition, both cases have better performance compared with traditional fixed-speed technologies.

Nowadays, hydropower is the principal renewable; however, climate change increases extreme events such as floods, droughts, erosion, and sedimentation of rivers that produce uncertainty in hydroelectric generation. Thus, this document aims to analyze the climate change projections in the hydropower systems of Ecuador based on data from 14 projects studying the scenarios ac-cording to the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The study period starts from 2010 to 2020 with historical data, collects the tendency, defines a database year, and then projects the scenarios to 2050. The quantitative methodology uses a statistic on Ecuador's hydropower obtained inflow time series to calculate the deviation over the last years and develop a model to simulate future generation. The results show that the hydropower in Ecuador is expected to decrease considerably through 2050 due to meteorological changes. In this calculation of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, the selected scenarios show a reduction in SSP5 of 11.5%, SP2 of 16.2%, and SSP4 of 18.2% to 2050, concluding that the oppor-tunities for hydroelectric production facing climate change are variable, but the challenges are broad. In Ecuador, the projections of hydropower plants represent a sensitive issue of their re-ductions, especially knowing that the country had an energy grid in 2020 that depended on 87% of hydroelectric production.

The present manuscript aims to identify the advantages and consequences of hydropower development, showing a view of trends finding the status and situation in Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador. This study uses a non-experimental methodology based on a comprehensive literature review of relevant papers retrieved from 41 selected papers that are summarized covering different application areas in these selected countries. In addition, the non-experimental methodology is guided by a perspective design sequential with a qualitative phase defining two indicators that do a relation between the people and the installed capacity in megawatts (MW) and energy production in gigawatts hour (GWh). The results show Colombia has the main installed capacity and energy generation per capita, followed by Ecuador, and finally, Brazil. According to the models and studies, the general hydropower potential of Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador decreases as time goes on because this renewable energy affects the water quality, interacting deeply with the surrounding environment. However, in South American countries only 34% of hydropower potential has developed.

La presente investigación refiere a la realización de un estudio de Análisis e Identificación de Riesgos de Operabilidad en Procesos Críticos de Servicios Petroleros, Mediante la Aplicación de la Metodología HAZOP, con la finalidad de reducir o mitigar los riesgos de procesos, que afecten la Salud Física y Psicológica del Trabajador, Medio Ambiente y la Instalación industrial. La investigación inicia con la recopilación de estudios similares, los cuales mencionan que los accidentes en una instalación industrial química y en procedimientos riesgosos, se pueden dar por tres factores: falla mecánica, falla humana y eventos externos. Base que permitió realizar la indagación de la metodología HAZOP y su aplicación; así como también, la investigación de las normas nacionales e internacionales referentes a la gestión de riesgos de procesos. Posteriormente se aplicó la Metodología HAZOP que consistió en: determinar un área de estudio, seleccionar el equipo de trabajo multidisciplinario, dividir el área en cuantos nodos sean necesarios y aplicar las palabras guías pertinentes, que mediante la generación de ideas y la discusión propositiva identifique los posibles escenarios de accidentes. Luego evaluar y determinar si el riesgo es aceptable, caso contrario proponer las acciones correctivas que permitan controlar y mitigar el riesgo. (Severi et al., 2022) Finalmente, la investigación determinó que el 75% de las actividades realizadas están asociados con consecuencias graves, por tanto, se deben implementar medidas de controles adicionales en un porcentaje del 5% controles de ingeniería, 72% controles administrativos y 23 % no se requiere intervenir en el proceso.

Over the last 60 years, renewable energies have substantially developed; in 2021, around 12.8% of global primary energy came from these technologies. Thus, even though renewable energies have good global acceptance present challenges in quantifying the environmental, social, and cultural effects, generating a lack of knowledge of the impact caused. Nowadays, hydropower is the renewable source with the most significant participation; at the end of 2020, the hydropower installed capacity worldwide was 1,330 GW, and 4,370 TWh were generated in that year. Therefore, the manuscript aims to determine if there are changes in water quality due to the use of hydropower generation in five projects distributed in Ecuador, Argentina, and Uruguay. The methodology is quantitative experimental; experimental because it takes water samples to measure parameters and qualitatively compares the lab results to do statistical analyses. Based on the ten samples gathered, it concluded that from 14 physical and chemical parameters, the principal divergences fluctuated in the presence of dissolved solids (26%), total solids (21%), bicarbonates (15%), total hardness (14%), suspended solids (6%), and sodium (4%). Additionally, values show organic matter existence due to vegetation decomposition, and metabolites formed in dams such as Salto Grande, Hidroagoyan, Minas San Francisco, Baba, and Coca Codo Sinclair.