Triethylamine (TEA), a widely used volatile organic compound (VOC), poses severe threats to environmental safety and human health upon accidental leakage, making the development of high-performance TEA detection techniques urgently needed. Herein, we report a Sn-based metal–organic framework (Sn-MOF) constructed from 4,5-dichloroimidazole ligands synthesized via a solvothermal approach. The resulting MOF-derived SnO₂ materials were obtained by calcination at 400–600 °C, yielding SnO₂ with tunable specific surface area and surface defect-site density. Structural and surface characterizations revealed that the materials consist of primary nanoparticles in the range of 10–50 nm, forming aggregated particles of 1–2 µm. The gas sensing performance toward TEA was systematically evaluated. The SnO₂-400 °C sensor exhibited the highest response (S = 85.0) to 100 ppm TEA at 190 °C, with a low detection limit of 1 ppm, superior selectivity, good repeatability, and excellent long-term stability. The observed performance variation was attributed to the combined effects of specific surface area, abundant defect-associated surface sites, and suitable mesoporous structure. This work not only provides a high-performance TEA sensor for industrial and food safety monitoring but also offers a rational strategy for designing MOF-derived metal oxide gas sensors with tailored microstructures and surface defect chemistry.

This paper investigates the stability issues of the Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV)–Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (ROV) system induced by cable loads under real marine conditions and high-speed operation. This study focuses on the dynamic coupling characteristics of cable forces affecting the unmanned platform and outlines the variation patterns of these forces under different operational scenarios. By developing the dynamic models of the USV, UC, and UUV, a comprehensive system model for the unmanned marine platform is constructed. The accuracy of the cable model is validated through experimental results, and the coupling interference effects of the cable during collaborative operations are systematically analyzed from multiple perspectives. Additionally, the cable tension and force behaviors under high-speed cruising conditions are thoroughly examined. The results provide a solid foundation for the development of cable load prediction models for collaborative marine unmanned platforms, and offer both theoretical and numerical insights for dynamic control strategies based on cable force adjustments.

Semiconductor oxide gas sensors have important applications in environmental protection, domestic health, and other fields. Research has shown that designing the morphology of sensitive materials can effectively improve the sensing characteristics of sensors. In this paper, by controlling the solvothermal reaction time, a unique hexagonal flower-like structure of In₂O₃ materials consisting of cuboid nanorods with a side length of 100–300 nm was prepared. The characterization results indicated that with the increase in reaction time, the materials exhibited significant morphological evolution. When the solvent heating time is 5 h, the flower-like structure is basically composed of hexagonal nanosheets with a thickness of several hundred nanometers and a side length of several micrometers. With the increase in reaction time, the apex angles of the nano sheets gradually become obtuse, and, finally, with the Ostwald ripening process, they become cuboid nanorods with side lengths of 100–300 nanometers, forming unique micro-flowers. Among them, the material prepared with a reaction time of 20 h has good sensing performance for NO₂, exhibiting low operating temperature and detection limit, good selectivity, repeatability, and long-term stability, thus suggesting a good application prospect.

The aim of local path planning for unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) is to avoid unknown dynamic or static obstacles. However, current relative studies have not fully considered the impact of ocean environmental factors which significantly increase the control difficulty and collision risk of USVs. Therefore, this work studies two ocean environmental factors, namely, wave and current, given that they both have a significant impact on USVs. Furthermore, we redesign a kinematic model of an USV and the evaluation function of a classical and practical local path planning method based on the dynamic window approach (DWA). As shown by the results of the simulations, the path length was impacted mainly by the intensity of the environmental load and slightly by the direction of the environmental load, but the navigation time was significantly influenced by both. Taking the situation in still water as a benchmark in terms of the intensity and direction of the environmental factors, the maximum change rates of the path length were 8.6% and 0.6%, respectively, but the maximum change rates of the navigating time were 17.9% and 25.6%, separately. In addition, the average calculation time of each cycle was only 0.0418 s, and the longest time did not exceed the simulation time corresponding to a single cycle of 0.1 s. This method has proven to be a good candidate for real-time local path planning of USVs since it systematically considers the impact of waves and currents on the navigation of USVs, and thus ensures that USVs can adjust to the planned path in time and avoid obstacles when navigating in the real ocean environment.

A pH regulated morphology evolution process was demonstrated, wherein WO ₃ hollow spheres obtained at pH = 0.7 exhibit good RT NO ₂ sensing performance.