Cardiac arrest remains a leading cause of death worldwide and is a global health crisis. First described in the medical literature in the 18th century, modern cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with closed chest compressions has remained the standard of care since 1960. Despite exponential advances in basic science research and technological innovations, cardiac arrest survival remains a dismal 10%. The standard of care closed chest compressions provide only 20–30% of baseline cardiac output to the body. Have modern therapies plateaued in effectiveness? This article reviews the history of cardiac arrest, its therapies, and opportunities for future treatments. Through an exploration into the history of CPR and breakthroughs in its treatment paradigms, modern-day researchers and providers may find further inspiration to combat the cardiac arrest public health crisis.

Background/Objectives: Nutrient-poor diet quality is a major driver of the global burden of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The US ranks among the lowest in diet quality and has the highest rate of immigration, which may present unique challenges for non-US-native populations who experience changes in access to health-promoting resources. This study examined associations among MetS, nativity status, diet quality, and interaction effects of race–ethnicity among Hispanic, Asian, Black, and White US-native and non-US-native adults. Methods: We examined data from 5482 adult participants (≥20 years of age) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2018). MetS (per the ATP III panel guidelines) was assessed continuously (MetS z-score) and dichotomously. Dietary recalls were used to compute HEI-2015 scores. Nativity status and sociodemographic variables were assessed. Age-adjusted and multivariate-adjusted logistic regressions were conducted to examine the associations between nativity status and MetS and interaction effects by race–ethnicity. Results: Non-US-native participants displayed more guideline-adherent diet quality (55.23% vs. 49.38%, p < 0.001) compared to their US-native counterparts—even when stratified by racial–ethnic groups. US-native participants had larger waist circumferences and elevated triglyceride levels. Non-US-native Black Americans had a 60% lower risk of having MetS even after adjusting for diet quality (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.88) compared to their US-native counterparts. For MetS components, non-US-native Asian participants reported a lower risk for dyslipidemia, while non-US-native multiracial participants had higher triglycerides. Conclusions: Non-US-native groups display better diet quality compared to their US-native counterparts. However, the findings suggest that diet quality alone does not account for nativity-related cardiometabolic disparities, particularly in US-native Black Americans, thus necessitating interventions targeting the social determinants of health.

Purpose: This report aims to raise clinical awareness of a rare case of Maffucci syndrome in a 34‐year‐old female presenting with diffuse intraductal breast papillomatosis. It further explores a possible hypothesis‐generating pathogenic association between Maffucci syndrome and a specific subtype of papillary breast neoplasia in the context of shared molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. Introduction: Maffucci syndrome is a rare, congenital, nonhereditary disorder characterized by enchondromas, hemangiomas, and skeletal deformities, typically presenting in early childhood. Since its initial description in 1881, fewer than 300 cases have been reported, with an estimated prevalence of < 1 in 27 million. Somatic mutations in IDH1 and IDH2 are key drivers of Maffucci syndrome and are also implicated in malignancies such as gliomas, chondrosarcomas, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and acute myeloid leukemia. Most relevant to this case, tall cell carcinoma with reversed polarity (TCCRP)—a rare subtype of papillary breast carcinoma—is characteristically associated with hotspot IDH2 R172 mutations, a molecular feature otherwise uncommon in both breast carcinomas and Maffucci syndrome. Only one documented case of an IDH1‐mutated solid papillary carcinoma with reversed polarity (SPCRP) exists in the current literature. Case Description: The patient is a 34‐year‐old female with Maffucci syndrome, diagnosed in childhood via clinical and radiographic evaluation, with a history of skeletal and vascular complications, including primary chondrosarcomas of the left scapula, right distal patella, and right proximal tibia. She initially presented in 2016 with left‐sided hemorrhagic nipple discharge, prompting serial imaging and biopsies that identified recurrent intraductal papillary lesions, consistently benign on core needle biopsy and surgical excision. A right‐sided lesion was excised in 2022, followed by two left‐sided lesions resected in 2023 and 2024. Mammography in November 2024 revealed three nodular lesions in the left lateral breast, characterized as complex cystic masses, with core needle biopsy confirming benign intraductal papillomas without atypia. Although subsequent imaging demonstrated stability of these lesions on follow‐up ultrasound in June 2025, the longitudinal course illustrates a recurrent pattern of intraductal papillary lesion development over time. Conclusions and Importance: This case raises the possibility of an association between Maffucci syndrome and recurrent papillary breast lesions. In the absence of molecular confirmation, this relationship remains speculative and should be regarded as hypothesis generating, underscoring the need for further investigation with genetic and immunohistochemical correlation rather than changes to established breast cancer screening guidelines.