Bee bread is a bee product obtained as a result of fermentation of pollen stored by honey bees in the cells of the honeycomb. Palynological analysis, chemical composition, antioxidant activity of bee bread and its cytotoxic effect against human lung carcinoma (A549), human prostate cancer (DU 145) and human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell lines were investigated in this study. 25 plant taxa were identified with palynological analysis. Fatty acids, cyclic, aromatic, phenolic, terpenoid, diterpen and metallic complex structures were seen in GC-MS results. FTIR consequence were compatible with GC-MS results and the structure types of FTIR results were seen in the dominant compounds of GC-MS results. Radical scavenging activity (RSA) of bee bread showed inhibition variability between 20.15 ± 0.68% and 93.18 ± 0.44% depending on the concentration. In addition, the EC50 value was measured as 80.08 ± 0.10 mg/mL. Bee bread exhibited moderately cytotoxic effect at all concentrations (15.625 - 2000 µg/mL) against A549, DU 145, and SH-SY5Y cell lines. Bee bread can be used in medical fields because of it’s antioxidant and anticancer properties.

In this research, the antimicrobial effects of honeys collected from Genç, Kiğı, Sancak, and Yedisu districts of Bingöl province were investigated by disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial effects of honey samples prepared at three different concentrations (500, 250, and 125 mg mL^-1) were tested using Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 5348 bacteria as Gram positive (+), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 bacterium as Gram negative (-), Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 76521 as yeast, and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 as fungus (mold). In addition, Ampicillin/Sulbactam (SAM) (20 µg/disc) was used as an antibiotic to better evaluate the antimicrobial effects of honeys in this research. The antimicrobial effect of Ampicillin/Sulbactam (SAM) (20 µg disc^-1) against the microorganisms used in honey samples was also tested with the same method.As a result; while the 500 and 250 mg mL^-1 concentrations among honey samples prepared at three different concentrations (500, 250, and 125 mg mL^-1) have an antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, the antibacterial effect of the concentrations of 125 mg mL^-1 against Staphylococcus aureus was not detected. All honey samples at three different concentrations showed no antibacterial effect against Listeria monocytogenes. While only the 500 mg mL^-1 concentrations from different concentrations of Genç and Yedisu honey samples were found to have an antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, the antibacterial effects of Kiğı and Sancak honey samples prepared at different concentrations against Escherichia coli were not detected. It was determined that only 500 mg mL^-1 concentrations from all honey samples had an antimicrobial effect against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while the other 250 and 125 mg mL^-1concentrations did not have an antimicrobial effect against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The studied concentrations of all honey samples did not show an antifungal effect against Candida albicans. Moreover, Ampicillin/Sulbactam (SAM) (20 µg disc^-1) was found to have a high antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes (Gram-positive bacteria), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), and Candida albicans (fungus) microorganisms.

Pinus sylvestris essential oil (PSEO) has gained increasing interest as a natural anticancer candidate due to its bioactive phytochemical composition and potential to modulate apoptosis-related pathways. In this study, the chemical profile of PSEO was characterized by GC-MS, revealing oxygenated monoterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons as dominant constituents. Human brain (U-87MG) and peripheral nervous system (SH-SY5Y) tumor cells were treated with PSEO to evaluate cytotoxicity and mechanistic responses. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, and 24-h IC₅₀ values were determined as 47.93 µg/100 µL for U-87MG and 71.63 µg/100 µL for SH-SY5Y, which were subsequently used for all mechanistic analyses. IC₅₀ exposure significantly increased intracellular ROS generation while reducing total antioxidant status, indicating oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity. Apoptosis-related ELISA assays demonstrated increased caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, upregulated Bax, decreased Bcl-2, and a lowered Bcl-2/Bax ratio, collectively supporting the activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Molecular docking provided in silico evidence of favorable binding interactions between selected PSEO-associated ligands and apoptotic targets, consistent with experimentally observed biochemical outcomes. Overall, the findings suggest that PSEO exerts dose- and time-dependent anticancer effects and promotes mitochondrial apoptosis in U-87MG and SH-SY5Y cells, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic candidate.