This study aimed to investigate the morphological characteristics and performance of Formosa and Sunrise Solo papaya cultivars under protected cultivation in subtropical climate conditions as well as the relationships between the yield and factors affecting the yield. The Formosa cultivars had higher values in terms of plant height (519.4 cm), stem diameter (238.4 mm), first flowering height (138.2 cm), and duration from flowering to harvest (141 days) compared to the Sunrise Solo cultivars. The yield per plant was higher in the Formosa cultivars (52.5 kg/plant/year) than in the Sunrise Solo cultivars (27.4 kg/plant/year). The values of fruit peel color parameters were highest in the spring, the fruit flesh firmness was highest in the autumn, and the soluble solid content was higher in fruits harvested in the summer. Medium to high positive phenotypic correlations were found between the first flowering height and fruit set, fruit weight, yield, fruit width, fruit length, and fruit flesh firmness (0.371–0.595) and between the fruit set (number/plant) and fruit weight, yield, fruit width, fruit length, and fruit flesh firmness (0.388–0.819) (p ≤ 0.01). The papaya can be commercially cultivated under protected cultivation in extreme subtropical conditions, and the Formosa cultivars generally performed better than the Sunrise Solo cultivars across many parameters.

Global climate change has recently increased interest in some tropical fruit species in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Türkiye. Among these tropical species, pitaya (dragon fruit) has gained popularity due to its tolerance to drought, ability to bear fruit one year after planting, suitability for soilless cultivation, and significant export potential. The objective of thise study is to investigate pitaya cultivation under protected cultivation in subtropical conditions. The research was conducted between 2020 and 2022 in the Manavgat district of Antalya on White Jaina and Red Jaina pitaya cultivars. The morphological parameters of the plants were evaluated as well as their physical properties and yield characteristics. The findings have revealed that the duration from flowering to harvest ranged between 44 and 45 days on average for both cultivars. The average fruit weight was measured as 264.60 g and 344.00 g for White Jaina and Red Jaina, respectively, and the difference was found to be statistically significant (P

The house fly, Musca domestica L., 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae), is a public health pest commonly found on animal farms, manure heaps, and garbage dumps. In agricultural and livestock areas, house flies are frequently exposed to pesticides used against various pests, which leads to the development of insecticide resistance. This resistance complicates their control and has prompted researchers and insecticide manufacturers to explore alternative control strategies and methods. This study examines the effects of insect growth regulators (IGRs), specifically diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, used as larvicides, on egg yield, egg-laying index, and egg-to-adult transition rates in six different house fly populations. These populations were collected and cultured from five Turkish provinces (Antalya, Bursa, Edirne, Gaziantep, and İzmir) between June 2020 and August 2021, as well as from a susceptible population provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). The adult house flies were fed sugar solutions (40%) containing either 5% or 10% concentrations of diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen. Our findings show an 80% reduction in egg yield and a 90% reduction in adult emergence rates across all populations compared to the control group. Although exposure to IGRs significantly decreased egg area indices, it did not affect the egg to adult transition rate.

Recently, protected cultivation of bananas under subtropical conditions has gained popularity due to the impact of global climate change. Several factors influence the yield and quality of banana cultivation. Among these factors, variety plays...

House flies (Musca domestica L.) are major vectors of numerous pathogens affecting both humans and animals. The global distribution of house flies has been steadily increasing the expansion of human settlements, increased waste production, and the growth of livestock farms established to meet the demand for animal-derived products. Frequent exposure to intensive pesticide applications in agricultural and livestock areas has accelerated the development of insecticide resistance, posing a serious challenge to sustainable control efforts. The widespread and repeated use of conventional chemical insecticides has contributed to rapid resistance evolution in many populations worldwide. In this study, the acute toxic effects of two insect growth regulators (IGRs)—cyromazine and methoprene—commonly used in the larval stages of house flies were evaluated against adult flies. Treatments were applied (3 replicates) orally via 40% sugar-water solutions containing 1%, 5%, and 10% concentrations, and bioassays were conducted on eight distinct house fly populations. The results showed that cyromazine caused average adult mortalities of 76.35%, 81.00%, and 84.50% within 48 h, while methoprene produced 70.62%, 99.37%, and 100% mortality at the same concentrations. At 10%, methoprene achieved 100% mortality across all populations, whereas cyromazine induced mortality ranging from 44.28% to 100%. These findings suggest that IGRs can be effective alternatives to conventional insecticides and can be integrated into IPM/IVM programs to reduce chemical use and delay resistance.

The house fly (Musca domestica L., Diptera: Muscidae) is widely recognized as a major mechanical vector worldwide due to its synanthropic lifestyle, high reproductive capacity, and ability to move freely across human, animal, and environmental interfaces. This species plays a significant role in the dissemination of food-borne pathogens, zoonotic agents, and antimicrobial resistance genes, thereby posing substantial risks to public health and livestock production systems. Over several decades, the extensive and repeated use of neurotoxic insecticides for house fly control has resulted in the widespread development of insecticide resistance in many regions, substantially reducing the effectiveness of conventional chemical control strategies.In this context, Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) have emerged as promising alternatives that are more compatible with sustainability and insecticide resistance management. Rather than targeting the nervous system, IGRs interfere with key physiological processes governing insect development, metamorphosis, and reproduction, thereby suppressing population renewal and enabling long-term control in species with short generation times. Recent studies have demonstrated that IGRs exert not only larvicidal and pupicidal effects but also acute, sublethal, and transgenerational impacts on adult stages. In particular, adult feeding-based applications and autodissemination strategies have attracted increasing attention as innovative, behavior-based approaches that expand the practical scope of IGR use in house fly management.This study provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the application of IGRs against M. domestica, with a particular emphasis on vector ecology, insecticide resistance, modes of action, and emerging application technologies. The biological effects of juvenile hormone analogues, chitin synthesis inhibitors, and compounds targeting ecdysteroid signaling pathways are critically discussed, alongside an evaluation of their roles within Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) frameworks. Collectively, this study reviews highlights that IGRs should not be regarded merely as supplementary control agents but rather as central components of modern, environmentally compatible, and sustainable house fly control strategies.