Zooplankton abundance, biomass (biovolume) and taxonomic composition were studied within an annual cycle (August 1995–October 1996) in the Bay of Blanes (northwest Mediterranean). Weekly zooplankton sampling included oblique tows made with a 200 μm Juday–Bogorov net, and vertical tows made with a 53 μm net, to adequately sample both mesoplankton and the smaller zooplankton fractions. Total zooplankton abundance showed high variability, lacking any clear seasonal pattern. However, the different species within the zooplankton community displayed a clear succession throughout the year. In general, cyclopoid copepods (Oithona spp.) and cladocerans (Peniliaavirostris) dominated the summer and autumn communities, whereas in winter and spring, calanoid copepods (Clausocalanus spp., Paracalanus sp. and Centropages typicus) were predominant. The zooplankton annual cycle in the Bay of Blanes does not resemble those of other Mediterraneanlittoral areas, probably due to the inherent particularity and variability associated with open coastal environments. On average, the abundance of organisms estimated with a traditional 200 μm Juday–Bogorov net was 8.1 times lower than the values obtained with a 53 μm net. Even if only organisms >200 μm collected in the 53 μm tows were considered, the total abundance within the 53 μm net was still 4.4 times higher than the estimates from the Juday–Bogorov net. These results suggest the need for accurate samplings of the entire zooplankton assemblage when characterizing the structure and dynamics of zooplanktonic communities.

Green and lean paradigms have been adopted by companies in order to manage their relationships with suppliers in a supply chain management context, but nearly always separately and with little understanding of their influence on company performance. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for the analysis of the influence of green and lean upstream supply chain management practices on the sustainable development of businesses. To attend this objective, a set of performance measures covering economic (operational cost, environmental cost, and inventory cost), environmental (business wastage, green image, and CO₂ emission), and social (corruption risk, supplier screening and local supplier) perspectives is proposed. An explanatory case study was conducted at a Portuguese automaker to test qualitatively the validity of the proposed theoretical framework. From the case study, a model is suggested, which encompasses the relationships between green and lean upstream supply chain practices and sustainable business development.