OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of action of artichoke leaf extract in hepatic ischemia/ reperfusion injury. METHODS: Rats were divided into three groups such as sham, control, and artichoke leaf extract groups. Antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were examined from the tissue and serum obtained from the subjects. Histopathological findings were scored semiquantitatively. RESULTS: Statistically, the antioxidant activity was highest in the artichoke leaf extract group, the difference in biochemical parameters and C-reactive protein was significant compared with the control group, and the histopathological positive effects were found to be significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS: As a result, artichoke leaf extract had a hepatoprotective effect and that this effect was related to the antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects of artichoke.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) in experimental obstructive jaundice. METHODS: Rats were separated into three groups, namely, sham, control, and artichoke leaf extract. Ischemia was created for 60 min, and then liver tissue and blood samples were taken at the 90th minute of reperfusion. Artichoke leaf extract was given at a 300 mg/kg dose 2 h before the operation. Antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were examined from the tissue and serum. Histopathological findings of the liver were scored semiquantitatively. RESULTS: Antioxidant enzyme activities in the artichoke leaf extract group were statistically significantly higher than that in the other two groups. Biochemical parameters, which show hepatocellular damage, were found to be similar in both sham and artichoke leaf extract groups. Although the values in the sham group were higher than the artichoke group in terms of protein and gene expressions, no statistically significant difference was found between these two groups. Regarding the hepatocellular effects of obstructive jaundice, the artichoke leaf extract group showed lower scores than the control group in all histopathological scores. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that artichoke leaf extract had a hepatoprotective effect that was associated with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of artichoke leaf extract.

Introduction: The malignancy rate in cases operated for thyroid nodule is approximately 5-10%, and although this rate shows significant differences according to Bethesda categories, there is a high risk of malignancy in categories IV and V compared to other categories. In our study, we examined the clinicopathological factors affecting the success of cytological diagnosis in nodules diagnosed with Bethesda IV-V. Material and Method: A total of 780 patients who were diagnosed with thyroid nodules and underwent surgery at our center between 2011 and 2021 were included in the study. The preoperative cytological diagnoses of the patients were categorized using the Bethesda classification system. The demographic data of the patients, Bethesda classification of the nodules, and postoperative histopathological examination results were evaluated in subgroups, and their significance was determined. Results: The age group with the highest number of cases was 45-59 years, and the female/male ratio of the whole cohort was 3:1. The rate of palpable nodules was 41.8% for the malignant diagnosis group and 58.2% for the benign diagnosis group. In both malignant and benign groups,

Objective: Thyroid cancer (TC), the most common endocrine malignancy worldwide, has a 10-year survival rate of more than 90% and a better prognosis than other malignancies. However, there are still conflicting data on the stimulators of cancer development, and benign thyroid diseases, such as goiter, benign thyroid nodules, Graves’ disease, chronic thyroiditis, breast cancer and various factors including age, gender, consumption of vegetables, fiber food, hypercaloric diet, and tobacco and alcohol use are considered to be responsible. In this study, we aimed to evaluate patients with thyroid neoplasms who underwent surgical treatment in terms of etiological factors discussed in light of the literature. Material and Method: In our study, patients who underwent surgery with the diagnosis of thyroid gland neoplasms between 2010 and 2020 were evaluated. A total of 371 patients were included in the study. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics v. 22. Results: Of the 371 cases included in the study, 78.16% were female and 21.83% were male. The histopathological distribution of diagnoses was as follows: 76.28% papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 4.31% follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), 14.29% follicular adenoma (FA), 0.54% Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC), 3.77% Hurthle cell adenoma (HCA), and 8.08% medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). A total of 567 etiological factors were detected in 371 cases, and the highest factors ratio (1.94) being detected in the FTC group and the lowest (1.49) in the FA group. The most common of these factors was chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) (35.31%). While the most common etiological factor in the PTC diagnosis group was thyroid and other non-breast cancers and the history of radiotherapy resulting from their treatment, it was a family history of thyroid cancer in the HCA group. Other systematic organ diseases, CLT, and breast cancer were the most common factors. The body mass index was the highest in the MTC group and the lowest in the PTC group. Conclusion: Increased human development index, technological developments, greater accessibility of ultrasonography, and better diagnostic sensitivity have led to an increase in the detection of TC. Knowledge of the underlying etiological factors is important for the development of preventive measures and achieving more successful results in terms of diagnosis and treatment.