During the COVID-19 pandemic, a statistically significant increase in the incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has begun to be observed. This article discusses the impact of immunological processes on structural and functional changes in the peripheral nervous system on the pathogenesis of GBS. The aim of the systematic review is to analyze and discuss available information from the scientific literature regarding a possible clinical relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection along with vaccination mainly, adenovector and mRNA vaccines and the development of different types of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The review specifically discusses the role of proinflammatory cytokines and “cytokine storm” in patients with COVID-19 and their potential impact on the phenomenon of “molecular mimicry” and the generation of autoantibodies in GBS. This issue has been expanded to include information from studies on the impact of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 virus and the higher number of observed cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Focusing on the characteristics of the methods, materials, results and conclusions, the review finally included 114 publications, like studies, meta-analyses, clinical cases and reviews. The systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Elsevier databases. It pointed out the molecular and clinical association between SARS-CoV-2 virus infections and COVID-19 vaccination, in the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome in the context of its clinical course.

Purpose of review: The purpose of the study was to collect and summarise information available in the scientific literature on the probable reasons that lead to negative outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing obesity and /or type 2 diabetes mellitus and influence on their treatment as also mortality. Recent findings: During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was observed that disease severity is often correlated with existing comorbidities, mainly in older obese male patients. SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with chronic diseases required hospitalisation more often and their overall prognosis is worse. The following review describes the impact of obesity and diabetes on the SARS-CoV-2 infection course and mortality risk. Summary: Diabetes and obesity have a multifactorial impact on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, as well as on the nature and dynamics of the development of the infection. In turn, the presence of these diseases significantly increased the risk of requiring intensified treatment, complications and ultimately death. Limited access to medical care systems due to the pandemic and the impact on everyday activities made it even more difficult to control diabetes and obesity, leading to the deterioration of patient’s condition and the occurrence of new cases of disease. Therefore, it is necessary not only to appropriately modify treatment of those already infected, but also to use appropriate prevention to reduce the number of potential high-risk patients.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic, cognitive impairment of varying degrees of severity began to be observed in a significant percentage of patients. The present study discussed the impact of immunological processes on structural and functional changes in the central nervous system and the related cognitive disorders. The purpose of the present review was to analyse and discuss available information from the scientific literature considering the possible relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) viral infection and cognitive impairment, including NeuroCOVID, frontal syndrome and cytokine storm. A systematic literature review was conducted using: Google Scholar, Elsevier and the PubMed database. When searching for materials, the following keywords were used: ‘cognitive dysfunctions’, ‘SARS‑CoV‑2’, ‘COVID‑19’, ‘Neuro‑SARS2’, ‘NeuroCOVID’, ‘frontal syndrome’, ‘cytokine storm’, ‘Long COVID‑19’. A total of 96 articles were included in the study. The analysis focused on the characteristics of each study's materials, methods, results and conclusions. SARS‑CoV‑2 infection may induce or influence existing cognitive disorders of various nature and severity. The influence of immunological factors related to the response against SARS‑CoV‑2 on the disturbance of cerebral perfusion, the functioning of nerve cells and the neuroprotective effect has been demonstrated. Particular importance is attached to the cytokine storm and the related difference between pro‑ and anti‑inflammatory effects, oxidative stress, disturbances in the regulation of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis and the stress response of the body.