Background: We compared the enzymatic, coagulant, and neuromuscular activities of two variants (yellow—CDRy and white—CDRw) of Crotalus durissus ruruima venom with a sample of C. d. terrificus (CDT) venom and examined their neutralization by antivenom against CDT venom. Methods: The venoms were screened for enzymatic and coagulant activities using standard assays, and electrophoretic profiles were compared by SDS-PAGE. Neutralization was assessed by preincubating venoms with crotalic antivenom and assaying the residual activity. Results: SDS-PAGE showed that the venoms had similar electrophoretic profiles, with the main bands being phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂), serine proteinases, L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), and phosphodiesterase. CDRy venom had the highest proteolytic and LAAO activities, CDRw venom had greater PLA₂ and esterolytic activities at the highest quantity tested, and CDT had greater PLA₂ activity than CDRy. CDRw and CDT venoms had similar proteolytic and LAAO activities, and CDRy and CDT venoms had comparable esterolytic activity. None of the venoms altered the prothrombin time (PT), but all of them decreased the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPPT); this activity was neutralized by antivenom. The minimum coagulant dose potency was CDRw >> CDRy > CDT. All venoms had thrombin-like activity that was attenuated by antivenom. CDRy and CDRw venoms showed α-fibrinogenolytic activity. All venoms partially cleaved the β-chain. CDRy and CDT venoms caused neuromuscular facilitation (enhanced muscle contractions) followed by complete blockade, whereas CDRw venom caused only blockade. Antivenom neutralized the neuromuscular activity to varying degrees. Conclusions: These findings indicate that while CDR and CDT venoms share similarities, they also differ in some enzymatic and biological activities and in neutralization by antivenom. Some of these differences could influence the clinical manifestations of envenomation by C. d. ruruima and their neutralization by the currently used therapeutic antivenom.

Snake venoms are rich sources of bioactive molecules that modulate hemostasis and, among these, anticoagulant snake venom phospholipases A₂ (sPLA₂) are found in a range of snake venoms. Crotoxin (CTX), from the Crotalus durissus rattlesnake, is a heterodimeric PLA₂ complex, and literature has reported its mechanisms in anticoagulant activity. The present review revisits the biological roles of anticoagulant sPLA₂ and critically examines evidence on CTX in hemostatic regulation, aiming to clarify its mechanisms and therapeutic promise. CTX exerts anticoagulant activity via enzymatic hydrolysis of procoagulant phospholipids and direct interaction with coagulation factors, disrupting key complex assembly. It also counteracts inflammation-induced coagulation by modulating leukocyte- and endothelial-derived mediators, restoring balance among anticoagulant, procoagulant, and fibrinolytic pathways. Effects on platelet function appear comparatively modest, ranging from less potent pro-aggregatory activity to negligible aggregation. The dual anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties of CTX highlight its potential as a model for novel antithrombotic agents in hypercoagulable and inflammation-driven disorders, despite toxicological concerns that necessitate cautious pharmacological exploration.

Resumo A relação entre ambiente e saúde tem se tornado um tema relevante na agenda das políticas públicas desde a década de 1990. Este estudo, busca descrever essa relação sob a ótica da Política Nacional de Saúde Integral das Populações do Campo, da Floresta e das Águas na comunidade de São Pedro, região da Baixo Amazonas, Pará. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo focado na realização de diagnósticos que consideram a relação ambiente-saúde na comunidade. O Diagnóstico Rural Participativo foi utilizado na construção de mapas conceituais e rodas de conversa. De acordo com os resultados, questões como excesso de lixo, falta de medicamentos e deficiências na educação básica são condicionantes que tornam a comunidade vulnerável. Além disso, é perceptível que a política de saúde, apesar de importante, ainda enfrenta desafios para sua plena implementação em regiões onde há a presença marcante deste coletivo.

The purpose of the article is to discuss the functioning of the Genetic Heritage Management Council (CGen, acronym in Portuguese) from the enactment of Law No. 13,123 / 2015 until December 2019, to understand its role as coordinator of the benefit-sharing policy. CGen’s work context was presented and the theoretical framework of public policy coordination was discussed. The research was carried out based on the analysis of the minutes of the 24 meetings held by the Board, seeking to identify the frequency of full members, the participation of listeners, and the most discussed topics at the meetings. The CGen was found to be a leader in law enforcement, which seeks to use communication and standardization as mechanisms for its coordination. However, the low participation of beneficiaries of the policy and representatives of states and municipalities calls into question the effectiveness of the policy.