Mastitis in dairy cow significantly affects animal performance, ultimately reducing profitability. The reciprocal interrelationships among ruminal microbiota, metabolome, and mastitis combining early inflammatory factors (serum proinflammatory cytokines) in lactating dairy cows has not been explored, thus, this study evaluated these reciprocal interrelationships in early lactating Holstein dairy cows to identify potential microbial biomarkers and their relationship with ruminal metabolites. The ruminal fluid was sampled from 8 healthy and 8 mastitis cows for the microbiota and metabolite analyses. The critical ruminal microbial biomarkers and metabolites related to somatic cell counts (SCC) and serum proinflammatory cytokines were identified by the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) algorithm and Spearman’s correlation analysis, respectively. The SCC level and proinflammatory cytokines positively correlated with Sharpea and negatively correlated with Ruminococcaceae UCG-014, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Treponema saccharophilum. Furthermore, the metabolites xanthurenic acid, and 1-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl) ethan-1-ol positively correlated with microbial biomarkers of healthy cows, whereas, xanthine, pantothenic acid, and anacardic acid were negatively correlated with the microbial biomarkers of mastitis cows. In conclusion, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Treponema saccharophilum are potential strains for improving the health of dairy cows. The current study provides a novel perspective to assist in targeting the ruminal microbiota with preventive/therapeutic strategies against inflammatory diseases in the future.

Mastitis, a highly prevalent disease in dairy cows, is responsible for massive financial losses due to decreased milk yield, milk quality, and costly medication. This research paper investigates antimicrobial susceptibility in cows and the role played by both resistance and virulence gene distribution in bovine mastitis. A total of 984 raw milk samples were collected from five different dairy farms and cultured on sheep blood agar plates. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion, and corresponding resistance and virulence genes were detected by PCR. Among the collected milk samples, 73, 32, and 19 isolates of Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and coliforms were identified, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility results showed that Streptococcus spp. were resistant to tetracycline (86.30%), neomycin (79.45%), and oxacillin (73.97%). Staphylococcus spp. were resistant to tetracycline (59.37%) and oxacillin (53.12%). Lastly, coliforms were resistant to oxacillin (100%) and bacitracin (68.42%). The genotyping results showed that Streptococcus spp. carried the resistance genes tetM (46.57%) against tetracycline, bcrB (41.09%) against bacitracin, and aph(3)-II (39.72%) against neomycin. Staphylococcus spp. carried the resistance genes bcrB (40.62%) and tetM (18.75%), and coliforms carried the resistance genes tetM (42.10%) and bcrB (57.89%). Moreover, 57.53%, 75.0%, and 63.15% of Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and coliforms carried lmb, fib, and ompC virulence genes, respectively. All three tested bacterial genera showed no significant association between antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors, although they were negatively correlated (p > 0.05). The combination of resistance gene identification and susceptibility tests as components of the diagnosis of bovine mastitis can help in selecting effective antimicrobial agents to treat it.

(1) Background: We aimed to isolate and identify potential next-generation probiotics (NGP) by investigating the interrelationships between gastrointestinal microbiota and diarrhea in preruminant Holstein calves. (2) Material and methods: Twenty preruminant Holstein calves were divided into healthy and diarrheic groups after the combination outcomes of veterinary diagnosis and fecal scores. The fecal microbiome, plasma cytokines, plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) G and haptoglobin were analyzed. The potential probiotic bacteria were identified by comparing the microbiota difference between healthy and diarrheic calves and correlation analysis with fecal scores and inflammatory markers. The identified bacteria were also isolated for further evaluation for antimicrobial activities and immunoregulatory effects. (3) Results: Microbiota analysis suggested that Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014, Bifidobacterium and Pseudoflavonifractor positively correlated with bovine IgG and negatively correlated with fecal score; inflammatory factors, bovine HP, and IL-8 were classified as beneficial bacteria contributing to the health of the calves. The alternation of gut microbial composition also induced changes in the functional gene enrichment of gut microbiota in calves. The gathering of microbiomic data strongly indicated the possible beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, expected to develop as NGP. After isolation and evaluation of the potential functionality in vitro, two specific bifidobacterial strains demonstrated antimicrobial activities and immunoregulatory effects. (4) Conclusions: The results provide a new probiotic searching approach for preventing gastrointestinal disorders in preruminant calves. Further animal study is necessary to verify the results.

Background/Objectives: Bovine mastitis, a significant global concern in dairy farming, results in substantial economic losses and poses considerable risks to both animal and human health. With the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in mastitis pathogens, the potential for resistant infections to spread from livestock to humans and the environment is becoming a critical public health issue. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence on antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing bovine mastitis and examines it from a One Health perspective, encompassing animal, human, and environmental interfaces. Results: By examining the complex interplay among animal, human, and environmental health, we highlight key factors that drive resistance, including the overuse of antimicrobials, poor farm management, and environmental contamination. We also discuss innovative strategies, such as enhanced surveillance, pathogen-specific diagnostics, alternatives to antimicrobials, and sustainable farm practices, that can mitigate the emergence of resistance. Key knowledge gaps include a limited understanding of antimicrobial residues, resistant pathogens, and gene transmission pathways and inconsistent implementation of antimicrobial stewardship practices. Conclusions: This review emphasizes the need for a coordinated, multidisciplinary effort to reduce the burden of AMR in bovine mastitis pathogens, ensuring the continued efficacy of antimicrobials and safeguarding public health through responsible management and policy interventions.

Objective Protothecal mastitis has emerged and affected the dairy industries globally in last decades; however, little is known about the occurrence of Prototheca in Taiwan. The present study identified the Prototheca isolated from bovine milk and revealed the algaecide efficacy of 2 disinfectants. Material and methods From 2011 to 2014, a total of 176 Prototheca isolates were obtained from 10 625 milk samples collected from dairy cows in 24 Taiwanese dairy farms. Of these, 149 isolates were identified by biochemical tests and genotype differentiation with a specific PCR protocol. Minimal algaecide concentration (MAC) of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine were obtained from 16 isolates by microdilution method. Results Almost all (n = 147) isolates were P. zopfii, and remaining 2 isolates were P. wickerhamii and unidentified, respectively. Based on molecular genotyping, all P. zopfii isolates belonged to genotype 2. The MAC of 2 commonly used disinfectants, chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine, against 16 P. zopfii isolates was 1.56–3.13 and 48.83–390.63 µg/ml, respectively. Conclusion This report revealed for the first time the prevalence and the predominant P. zopfii genotype 2 of bovine protothecal infection in Taiwan. In vitro algaecide efficacy indicated that both tested disinfectants were effective against P. zopfii. Ziel Mastitiden des Rindes, die durch Prototheken verursacht werden, treten weltweit auf und haben die Branche in den letzten Jahrzehnten belastet. Über das Vorkommen von Prototheken in Taiwan ist jedoch wenig bekannt. In der Studie wurden Prototheken aus Kuhmilch isoliert und die algizide Wirkung von 2 Desinfektionsmitteln bestimmt. Material und Methoden In den Jahren von 2011 bis 2014 wurden aus 10 625 Milchproben, die aus 24 Milchkuhbeständen in Taiwan stammten, 176 Protothekenisolate gewonnen. Insgesamt149 Isolate wurden letztendlich biochemisch identifiziert und weiterhin mit molekularbiologisch unterschiedlicher genotypspezifischer PCR-Systeme analysiert. Minimale Algizidkonzentrationen (MAC) von Chlorhexidin und Povidon-Jod wurden von 16 Isolaten durch Mikrodilution erhalten. Ergebnisse Bei den 149 identifizierten Isolaten von Prototheca spp. handelte es sich um 147 Isolate von P. zopfii und 2 Isolate von P. wickerhamii. Basierend auf der molekularen Genotypisierung gehörten alle P. zopfii-Isolate zum Genotyp 2. Die MAC der beiden häufig verwendeten Desinfektionsmittel Chlorhexidin und Povidon-Iod für 16 P. zopfii-Isolate betrug 1,56–3,13 bzw. 48,83–390,63 µg/ml. Schlussfolgerung Diese Studie beschreibt zum ersten Mal die Inzidenz und den vorherrschenden P. zopfii-Genotyp 2 der protothekalen Mastitis bei Rindern in Taiwan. Die Untersuchung der In-vitro-Algizidfähigkeit zeigte an, dass die beiden getesteten Desinfektionsmittel gegen P. zopfii wirksam waren. Received: 25 March 2020 Accepted: 25 May 2020 Publication Date: 04 December 2020 (online) © 2020. Thieme. All rights reserved. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

This study investigated the therapeutic potential of a novel probiotic combination consisting of Lactococcus cremoris subsp. cremoris MP01 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei MP02, collectively referred to as LCP, in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD). In a 60-day open-label, single-arm trial involving eight dogs, notable clinical improvements were observed following daily LCP treatment, as evidenced by decreasing trends in Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index and Pruritus Visual Analogue Scale scores, as well as a significant reduction in serum immunoglobulin E levels (p < 0.05). Microbiome and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analyses were subsequently conducted in a representative subset of six dogs to explore the effects of LCP on the fecal and skin microbial ecosystems. Concomitant alterations in gut and skin microbiome were observed, including a significant reduction in abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae (p < 0.05) and non-significant decreasing trends in Romboutsia, Escherichia/Shigella spp., and Shigella flexneri, along with a trend toward increased SCFA production. Functional prediction using PICRUSt suggested potential involvement of immune- and infection-related signaling pathways, including those associated with nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and Shigellosis, supporting the hypothesis that LCP may exert its effects through modulation of the gut–skin axis. These findings support LCP as a safe and promising adjunct therapy for CAD, offering a novel microbiome-targeted approach targeting both clinical symptoms and underlying dysbiosis. Further investigation is warranted to optimize probiotic formulations and better understand the mechanisms underlying microbiome-mediated immune modulation in canine allergy.