This paper proposes a technical methodology to decarbonize an isolated low-inertia system with the integration of a Renewable Energy Source (RES) and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS). The proposal focuses on frequency support during contingencies, especially in terms of Synthetic Inertia (SI), for the Wind Power Plant (WPP), and Fast Frequency Response (FFR), for the BESS, allowing for a consistent decarbonization strategy throughout the operation. In particular, the BESS is analytically designed to provide the desired FFR for a contingency situation, allowing the Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) of the system to be mitigated according to a design criterion that only requires the grid inertia and rated parameters, without relying on complex formulations or optimization methods. It is observed that the established design criterion is conservative and the enhancement in RoCoF values is above the expected. Furthermore, the synthetic inertia of the wind power plant can have an individual limited impact on the system’s RoCoF due to design and power ramping time, while the fast frequency response of the BESS has an additional impact due to the lack of power ramping requirements. Real-time simulation results validate the proposed methodology for an offshore industrial application within the Oil & Gas (O&G) industry.

This study analyzes the economic impacts of integrating floating offshore wind farms with a Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) unit to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The idea is to replace the use of natural gas for power supply with an offshore wind farm, considering the effects of carbon pricing. Results show that wind integration reduces emissions by 23% to 76%, depending on the installed capacity. However, higher wind capacity increases total system costs, initial investment, electricity and operational expenses. The Brazilian carbon credit market adversely impacts existing FPSO units as a result of the compulsory carbon trading costs necessary to mitigate their emissions. In contrast, wind-integrated scenarios benefited from carbon pricing, improving financial indicators such as payback period and Return on Investment. Wind shares of 30% and 70% yielded the best financial results for carbon prices between 10 and 50 United States Dollars per ton, with higher penalties further improving viability. These findings elucidate the significance of carbon pricing in mitigating emissions and enhancing the economic feasibility of offshore wind farms within the context of the Brazilian national FPSO decarbonization strategy.

This paper proposes a two-stage converter that can black start an isolated AC Microgrid with a Fuel Cell (FC) as the primary energy source. The first stage is connected to the FC and employs a Three-Leg Interleaved Boost DC/DC Converter (IBC), while the second is a Three-Phase Voltage Source Converter (VSC). The DC/DC stage utilizes a Cascade Voltage Control (CVC) to mitigate voltage fluctuations in the DC-link caused by the variability of the FC voltage. For the DC/AC stage, three distinct grid-forming (GFM) strategies are implemented with two of them with multi-loop cascaded structure and one with a single-loop structure. The power circuit of the system is simulated using the Real-Time Simulator (RTS) HIL 602+ from Typhoon-HIL, with the control strategies embedded on the Digital Signal Processor (DSP) TMS320F28379D - F28379D LaunchPad from Texas Instruments (TI). The performance of the cases are verified through CHIL simulations for a balanced and unbalanced inductive load steps. The results demonstrate that for both tests the GFM single loop structure presents smoother transients and shorter recovery times. Additionally, for the unbalanced loads, all the cases present similar results for the DC variables with more pronounced differences at the AC side.

This paper presents a practical framework for the design and real-time implementation of a Power Management System (PMS) for microgrids based on Supervisory Control Theory (SCT) for discrete-event systems. A detailed step-by-step methodology is provided, which covers the entire process from defining discrete events, modeling microgrid components, synthesizing supervisory controllers, and realizing them in MATLAB (R2024b) Stateflow. This methodology is applied to a case study, where a decentralized supervisor controller is designed for a microgrid containing a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), a generator set (Genset), a wind and a solar generation system, critical loads, and noncritical loads. Unlike previous works based on SCT, the proposed PMS addresses the following functionalities: $\left(i\right)$ grid-connected and islanded operation; $\left(ii\right)$ peak shaving; $\left(iii\right)$ voltage support; $\left(iv\right)$ load shedding. Finally, a CHIL testing is employed to validate the synthesized SCT-based PMS.

This paper investigates the behavior of a GridForming Converter (GFM) based on synchronverter control while implementing a Fast Frequency Response (FFR) strategy for Temporary Frequency Support (TFS) with a Wash-Out filter. Small-signal analyses have been conducted to adequately select the control parameters in relation to the dynamic response while considering a fixed frequency grid. Then, a parametrization for the TFS is proposed investigating the poles and zeros of the system. Finally, the system is subjected to a load connection test considering a variable-frequency grid to investigate how the TFS acts during the primary frequency response of the grid. Small-signal simulations are compared to large-signal simulations in Matlab/Simulink, validating the selected parameterization by showing adherent results with the small-signal analyses.

This paper proposes a novel Power Management System (PMS) for AC microgrids using Supervisory Control Theory (SCT) for discrete event systems to improve reliability and efficiency. The AC microgrid considered in this work operates either in grid-connected or islanded mode and is comprised with a BESS, a Genset, a wind and solar systems. The developed PMS provides voltage support in islanded mode, peak shaving in grid-connected mode, and effective State Of Charge (SOC) management for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). Key contributions include: (1) a supervisory controller for seamless mode transitions; (2) advanced control features for improved scalability and adaptability with integration of different renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems and wind turbines; and (3) a step-by-step guide to implement the developed PMS in \textit{MATLAB Stateflow}. Experimental results show that PMS ensures stability, maintains SOC in a safe operation range, and manages voltage and frequency at the Point of Interconnection (POI), advancing reliable microgrid operation. These findings establish the SCT as a practical alternative to microgrid management methods.