Background: Canine parvoviral enteritis is a highly contagious viral disease of dog that can lead to life-threating illness.Objectives: The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of canine parvoviral enteritis in dogs of Dhaka City Corporation, Bangladesh.Methods: A total of 545 dogs were examined at Dr. Sagir’s Pet Clinics and Research Centre, Dhaka during September 2016 to August 2017. The disease was diagnosed on the basis of clinical history, clinical signs and by CPV rapid Ag kit test.Results: Overall prevalence of canine parvoviral enteritis was recorded as 13.94%. The prevalence of canine parvoviral enteritis varied significantly (p0.05). Male dogs (18.74%) were found to be significantly (p<0.05) higher susceptible in comparison with female (11.00%).Non-vaccinated dogs (80.0%) were at greater risk than vaccinated (2.58%), (p<0.05). There was significant (p<0.05) difference among various breeds where German Shepherd (40.78%) had highest prevalence of canine parvoviral enteritis followed by Labrador (22.36%), Rottweiler (21.05%), Doberman (13.15%) and cross breeds (4.4%). Dogs with poor health condition (20.75%) were more vulnerable than apparently healthy dogs (7.5%), (p<0.05).Conclusion: This result provides an empirical scenario of canine parvoviral enteritis in Dhaka city. Effective routine vaccination and control measures may reduce the disease burden in dog population.

Case summary: Organophosphates and pyrethroids have been widely used as agricultural and domestic insecticides. This case report describes a 3-month-old free-roaming female kitten, weighing 930 g, that developed hypersalivation, hypothermia, dyspnoea due to increased bronchial secretion, bradycardia, miosis and neurological signs, including restlessness, ataxia, disorientation, apparent hallucination, muscle twitching and seizures within 6 h of accidental ingestion of an insecticide containing chlorpyrifos (500 g/l) and cypermethrin (50 g/l). The kitten was treated empirically with intramuscular atropine and dexamethasone, and rectal diazepam. The history of insecticide exposure was obtained after 6 h of treatment and intramuscular 2-pyridine aldoxime methochloride (pralidoxime [2-PAM]) and atropine therapy was started 2 h later. Recovery was complicated by suspected aspiration, but there were no sequelae from the insecticide exposure and by 7 days post-ingestion the kitten was normal and playful. Relevance and novel information: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful management of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin toxicosis in a cat in Bangladesh. This case report suggests that 2-PAM followed by atropine and other supportive therapy may be an effective strategy to manage a cat poisoned by chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin; however, expanded clinical trials are needed.

Background: Salmonella Kentucky comprises two major lineages, ST152 and fluoroquinolone-resistant (Flu^R) ST198, which have diverged genotypically and phenotypically along distinct evolutionary and epidemiological trajectories. ST198 is linked to global human disease, while ST152 is primarily animal-associated in the U.S. We hypothesized that lineage-specific metabolic adaptations contribute to their differing host associations and pathogenicity. Methods: We performed comparative metabolic profiling of ST198 (n = 3) and ST152 (n = 4) strains across 948 substrates and environmental conditions. Growth assays tested the ability of these lineages and other non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars (n = 5) to utilize myo-inositol and lactulose as sole carbon sources. Comparative genomic analyses of 294 ST198, 173 ST152, and 1300 other NTS serovars identified nutrient utilization genes. Results: ST198 exhibited significantly higher respiratory activity and broader metabolic versatility across carbon, nitrogen/sulfur sources, and stress conditions. The canonical iol gene cluster for myo-inositol catabolism was conserved in ST198 but absent in ST152, which nonetheless showed weak growth on myo-inositol, suggesting an alternative metabolic pathway for myo-inositol may exist. We also report for the first time that, despite lineage-specific differences in metabolic efficiency, multiple NTS serovars, including S. Kentucky, can metabolize lactulose, a synthetic disaccharide traditionally associated with beneficial gut microbes. These results suggest the potential existence of a novel lactulose metabolic pathway in NTS. Conclusions: These findings highlight ST198’s metabolic adaptability and reveal novel metabolic capacities in NTS. A mechanistic understanding of nutrient utilization pathways, particularly of myo-inositol and lactulose, will provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying nutrient metabolism that likely modulate the ecological success and pathogenic potential of NTS in human and animal hosts.

Aims: This study was conducted to investigate the physical and chemical quality of raw milk. Place and Duration of Study: Raw milk available was collected during the period of August to November 2017 from Sylhet City Corporation area and then immediately sent to Dairy Technology Laboratory under Sylhet Agricultural University for laboratory examination. Methodology: Physical analysis was performed through organoleptic test and chemical analysis was done by Lactoscan milk analyzer. The data was analyzed by one way ANOVA using SPSS at 95% confidence interval. Then the composition of milk was compared to the standards of BDS and FAO. Results: The flavor was normal and color was yellowish white. Taste of all samples was slightly sweet and mean specific gravity (1.027 ± 0.0046 to 1.031 ± 0.0068) was within standard range. Proximate composition of the samples revealed that fat % (3.70±1.058), protein % (3.15±0.265), SNF % (7.76±0.642), Lactose % (4.61±0.418) and Acidity % (0.189± 0.02) were highly significant (P<0.01) except protein content. Physical parameters of all samples were almost correlated with the BDS and FAO standards Conclusion: The observation may be helpful for the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institute (BSTI) to monitor the quality of milk sold to the public.

Lactulose, a synthetic disaccharide widely used in human and veterinary medicine as a therapeutic and prebiotic, is generally assumed to be metabolized exclusively by commensal microbiota. We recently showed that non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) can also metabolize lactulose, but the genetic basis and functional consequences remain unclear. Here, we hypothesized that NTS encodes specific genetic determinants and regulatory networks for lactulose uptake, hydrolysis, and downstream metabolism. Using the globally disseminated NTS serotype S. Kentucky, we defined the lactulose-responsive transcriptome. Lactulose exposure induced a distinct gene network including candidate transporters, periplasmic binding proteins, and glycoside hydrolases predicted to cleave lactulose into galactose and fructose, with downstream metabolism via the mannitol cycle and Leloir-associated pathways. Notably, lactulose also triggered broad transcriptional remodeling that repressed genes encoding motility, fimbrial biosynthesis, and biofilm formation, resulting in significantly reduced motility and biofilm across NTS serotypes. These findings provide novel mechanistic insight into lactulose metabolism, suggesting that lactulose metabolism is concurrently associated with reduced expression of persistence-associated phenotypes in NTS under the conditions tested. This raises the possibility that lactulose exposure could influence NTS persistence in both the host-associated and environmental context. Follow-up studies are needed to validate the potential of these findings to reduce food safety and public health risks linked to persistence and transmission phenotypes.