Agricultural insurance and green agriculture are strongly related. Agricultural insurance not only motivates farmers to adopt environmentally friendly production technology and enhances the effectiveness of production, but it also accomplishes the goal of lowering the number of chemicals that are put into the environment. This article investigates the dynamic relationship between agricultural insurance, air pollution, and agricultural green total factor productivity. To complete the aim, the authors used the panel auto-regressive distributed lags method (PMG method) and panel data from 50 states of the United States between 2005 and 2019. The empirical findings demonstrate a considerable co-integration and a cross-sectional reliance between agricultural insurance, air pollution, and agricultural green total factor production. Expanding agricultural insurance may boost agricultural green whole factor output but also exacerbate air pollution. However, significant air pollution does not increase agricultural production’s green total factor productivity. The panel Granger causality test shows a one-way causal relationship between agricultural insurance, green total factor productivity, and air pollution. A one-way causal relationship exists between air pollution and agricultural green total factor productivity. The author concluded that improving agricultural insurance coverage or cutting down on air pollution will boost agricultural green total factor output. These findings have long-term policy and management repercussions, particularly for those involved in agriculture policy and environmental management.

Investigating the fiscal decentralization’s effect on the carbon intensity of agricultural production may assist the United States in reaching its carbon peak and becoming carbon neutral. This paper delves into the investigation of the spatiotemporal patterns and internal relationships between fiscal decentralization, agricultural carbon intensity, and environmental regulation. The goal was achieved by using the spatial Durbin model using panel data for 49 states of the United States from 2000 to 2019. The study has found that environmental regulations play a significant role in reducing regional carbon emissions in agriculture and contribute positively to carbon emissions control. However, fiscal decentralization, which grants local governments more financial autonomy, has a positive but insignificant impact on carbon emissions, indicating that the prioritization of economic development and carbon control over environmental protection is favored by local governments. In examining the impact of environmental regulations on carbon emissions, the study reveals that fiscal decentralization does not play a substantial role in moderating this relationship. To promote low-carbon agriculture projects and ensure coordinated economic and environmental development, the study recommends optimizing the fiscal decentralization system, formulating different policies for different regions, and regulating the competencies of local governments through an effective examination system. The study concludes that it is crucial to obtain data at the city or county level to accurately understand the relationship between agricultural carbon intensity, environmental regulation, and fiscal decentralization. As a result, the central government must focus on perfecting the fiscal decentralization system, developing a differentiated agricultural carbon emission control system, controlling competition among local governments, and perfecting a political performance assessment system.

Purpose: Sustainable agriculture is essential to reconciling agricultural productivity with environmental conservation. This paper analyses how digital financial inclusion affects sustainable agriculture and provides empirical data to support its function in encouraging sustainable farming practices. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses panel data covering all provinces of Pakistan from 2014 to 2024, compiled from national statistical yearbooks and related official reports. The regional level of sustainable agriculture is estimated using the entropy method. To test the impact of digital financial inclusion, we apply panel fixed effects, mediation effect models, and a threshold regression approach. This analysis explores how the breadth, depth, and digitalisation level of financial inclusion affect sustainable agriculture, and shows that its effect strengthens notably once key threshold levels are crossed. Findings: This study found a double-threshold effect: digital financial inclusion intensifies sustainable agriculture when it exceeds critical thresholds. After endogeneity and robustness testing, this finding is robust. The mechanism analysis shows that digital financial inclusion promotes technical innovation and farmer income, greening agriculture. Heterogeneity research shows that digital financial inclusion has a greater influence on sustainable agriculture in eastern Pakistan than in the central and western areas. Originality/value: This paper advocates for the expansion and enhancement of digital inclusive financial services to include them in agriculture, thus establishing a sustainable development model that fosters shared wealth and environmentally friendly agriculture.

With rising tourist inflows exerting pressure on natural resources and emissions, understanding the role of sustainable tourism and information and communication technology (ICT) in mitigating environmental challenges has become critical. This study, thus, investigates the asymmetric relationship between sustainable tourism, ICT and environmental quality in China. Using data from 2000 to 2021 and applying the Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lag (Q-ARDL) approach, the analysis captures both short and long-run dynamics across different levels of CO₂ emissions, employed as a proxy for environment quality. The findings reveal that sustainable tourism reduces CO₂ emissions significantly at both lower and higher quantiles, indicating its environmental benefits are most evident in contexts of very low and very high emissions. ICT also shows asymmetric effects; its short-run impact is limited due to transitional energy costs, but in the long run, ICT adoption consistently improves environmental quality through efficiency gains and digital platforms. These results confirm nonlinear dynamics aligned with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), emphasizing that sustainable tourism and ICT are dynamic levers for long-term ecological improvement rather than uniform solutions. The study contributes to theory by integrating Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Tripple Bottom Line (TBL) and EKC perspectives and offers practical insights for policymakers to design threshold-specific, ICT-enabled eco-tourism strategies in China and comparable emerging economies.