Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a key role to understand how tumors respond to prostate cancer (PC) therapies and potential mechanisms of resistance. Previous research has suggested that specific genomic aberrations, such as microsatellite instability (MSI) or CDK12 bi-allelic loss can allow PC patients more likely to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) or other immune therapies. However, responses to these treatments remain highly variable even in selected patients. Thus, it is essential to obtain more information about tumor immune cells that infiltrate these tumors, and on their plasticity and interactions, in order to better understand the underlying biology to allow development of new therapeutic strategies. This review analyzes: 1) How interactions among immune cell populations and other cells infiltrating the tumor stroma can modulate the progression of PC, 2) How the standard therapies to treat PC (such as androgen deprivation therapy, new androgen-directed hormone therapy or chemotherapy) may influence the dynamic changes of the immunome and 3) What are the limitations in characterizing the immune landscape of the host´s response to tumors.

Background/Objectives: Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in men and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Conventional imaging modalities exhibit limited sensitivity, particularly in the context of disease recurrence and advanced disease. Methods: A narrative review was conducted of studies published between 2015 and 2025, identified through PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Eligible publications addressed advanced imaging techniques, PSMA-targeted diagnostics and therapies, radiogenomics, liquid biopsy approaches, and artificial intelligence applications and personalized medicine. Preclinical studies, single case reports, and conference abstracts without full text were excluded. Results: PSMA PET/CT outperforms conventional imaging for detection, and restaging, influencing clinical management across disease stages. Lutetium-177–PSMA-617 has become the standard radioligand therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, whereas alpha-emitting agents remain under clinical investigation. Radiogenomics and liquid biopsy assays (ctDNA, CTCs, AR-V7) provide complementary molecular insights. Artificial intelligence enhances imaging interpretations, standardization, and reproducibility, while multimodal data integration supports individualized risk stratification. Integrative models combining imaging, genomic, and liquid biopsy data pave the way toward precision oncology and personalized therapeutic decision-making. Conclusions: Advances in imaging and theragnostics are reshaping prostate cancer management, bridging the gap between molecular biology and clinical practice to enable precision oncology.

Background/Objectives: Bladder cancer is characterized by high recurrence and progression rates, posing a challenge to current diagnostic and treatment strategies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of emerging technologies, including novel PET tracers, AI-assisted cystoscopy, theragnostics, and molecular biomarkers. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the recent literature focusing on innovations in imaging, AI, theragnostics, and biomarker research relevant to bladder cancer diagnosis and management. Results: Several novel PET tracers, such as 68Ga-PSMA and fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI), demonstrated potential in improving detection sensitivity. AI-enhanced cystoscopy has shown promise in real-time lesion detection, while theragnostic agents enable combined diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Advances in molecular biomarkers, including circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) and gene expression signatures, offer new avenues for patient stratification and monitoring. Conclusions: Integration of advanced imaging, AI, theragnostics, and biomarker analysis may transform bladder cancer management, supporting personalized and more effective care strategies.

Background/Objectives: Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignancy in men and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Conventional imaging modalities exhibit limited sensitivity, particularly in the context of disease recurrence and advanced disease. Methods: A narrative review was conducted of studies published between 2015 and 2025, identified through PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Eligible publications addressed advanced imaging techniques, PSMA-targeted diagnostics and therapies, radiogenomics, liquid biopsy approaches, and artificial intelligence applica-tions and personalized medicine. Preclinical studies, single case reports, and conference abstracts without full text were excluded. Results: PSMA PET/CT outperforms conven-tional imaging for detection, and restaging, influencing clinical management across disease stages. Lutetium-177–PSMA-617 has become the standard radioligand therapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, whereas alpha-emitting agents remain under clinical investigation. Radiogenomics and liquid biopsy assays (ctDNA, CTCs, AR-V7) provide complementary molecular insights. Artificial intelligence enhances imaging interpretations, standardization, and reproducibility, while multimodal data integration supports individualized risk stratification. Integrative models combining imaging, genomic, and liquid biopsy data pave the way toward precision oncology and personalized therapeutic decision-making. Conclusions: Advances in imaging and theragnostics are reshaping prostate cancer management, bridging the gap between molecular biology and clinical practice to enable precision oncology.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a prevalent condition worldwide with detrimental effects on patients’ quality of life. Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC) has emerged as the gold standard for managing complex and high-grade POP. While anatomical and subjective outcomes have been extensively documented, the management of its associated complications, particularly urinary incontinence, remains challenging. This study evaluates the strategies implemented to address complications arising from LSC, focusing on urinary incontinence. A retrospective multicenter study analyzed 325 patients who underwent LSC using lightweight macroporous Surelift Uplift mesh between 2011 and 2019. Data on perioperative and long-term complications, with emphasis on urinary incontinence management, were extracted from participating centers. Among them, the incidence of new-onset stress urinary incontinence (SUI) postoperatively was 12.9%. A total of 21 patients required further treatment for urinary symptoms, including mid-urethral sling (MUS) procedures in 5.5% and botulinum toxin injections for overactive bladder (OAB) in 0.9%. The findings underscore the importance of proactive and tailored management strategies for urinary incontinence following LSC. While the procedure demonstrates low complication rates and high anatomical success, urinary symptoms require vigilant monitoring and intervention in a two-step procedure for stress incontinence, if needed.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease arising from the bladder and upper urinary tract. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed treatment of advanced UC, yet durable responses remain limited to a minority of patients, underscoring the need to better understand the tumor immune microenvironment (TME). This narrative review examines the UC immune phenotype across disease stages and anatomical sites, integrating evidence from bulk and single-cell transcriptomics, spatial profiling, and translational studies. We describe the principal immune cell populations of the UC TME—including cytotoxic and regulatory T cells, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, natural killer cells, B cells, and dendritic cells—and their relationship to established molecular subtypes. We review how this immune landscape evolves from non-muscle-invasive to metastatic disease, including the distinct contexture of upper tract UC and variant histology. We critically evaluate established ICI biomarkers (PD-L1, FGFR3, tumor mutational burden, mismatch repair deficiency) alongside emerging candidates—tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density, HLA class I expression, tertiary lymphoid structures, and multiparameter transcriptomic scores—noting that most remain investigational and require prospective validation before clinical use. Finally, we address key biological, technical, and clinical barriers to this research and outline future directions in AI-assisted digital pathology and multimodal biomarker integration. A comprehensive characterization of UC immune phenotype is essential to guide rational, biomarker-driven patient selection and optimize next-generation immunotherapy strategies.